I-VAN LANG Kingdom (2879 BC - 258 BC, iminyaka engama-2621)
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P. HUARD1 & M. DURAND2
Once ukufinyelela UPhong Châu, amadodana angamashumi amahlanu Âu Cơ3 bakhethe umfowabo omdala inkosi ye Ubukhosi bukaHùng.
Tisigqoko kwaba ngesokuqala inkosi Hùng owabusa UVăn Lang, umbuso wokuqala wase-Vietnamese. I- UVăn Lang, nemingcele yayo engacacile esuke kusuka ku- Vietnam kuya Umfula oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka4, akwaziwa endulo Ama-geographies amaShayina. Ngaleyo ndlela, uHENRI MASPERO5 ulinganisele ukuthi UVăn Lang of izazi-mlando zase-Vietnamese, ngumbuso nje omdala ka Ye-lang (UDạ Lang), etholakala eNingizimu yeNingizimu Ichibi laseTong-T'ing lelo gama elalingafundwanga kahle futhi liphindwe laphindwa laphindwa Izazi-mlando zaseTshayina ababedlulisele iphutha labo kubo osebenza nabo e-vietnamese. Eqinisweni, umlingiswa onguYe (Dạ) kungenzeka ukuthi iphinde yaphindwa yaphindwa iWen (Văn) futhi yingakho kube nokudideka phakathi kwe- Ye-Lang futhi I-Wen-Lang. Kube khona, ngendlela yesinxephezelo, a UVăn Lang etholakala ngokuqhubekayo eNingizimu, engxenyeni eseceleni yosuku lwanamuhla I-Central Vietnam; kungaba yini lokho I-Văn-Lang lapho ababhali babejabhe khona ne- Ye-lang futhi ngacabanga ukuthi le mibuso emibili iphikisana ngokufanayo.
VLang, okokuqala umbuso wase-Vietnamese, Kumelwe ukuthi babehlala endaweni eboshwe kakhulu kunaleyo ye- I-Xích Quỷ. Uhlu lwezifunda ngokuvamile olunikezwa ngemilando ehlukahlukene nezinganekwane alubandakanyi noma iyiphi indawo ephathelene Ichibi laseTong-T'ing6. Izifunda eziyishumi nambili azihambeli ngalé kwazo I-Kouang-si futhi I-Kouang-tong eNyakatho.
The UVăn Lang waba nokuphila okude impela. Il kade idluliselwe phakathi Hùng Amakhosi kusukela esikhathini esidume kakhulu kuya ku-257 BC, usuku lokuxhunyaniswa kwalo ngu I-Dương Vương7, isikhulu se I-Pa-Chou (Ba Thục).
Timininingwane esingayiqoqa kuyo UVăn Lang izinhlangano zezepolitiki nempilo yezenhlalo zikhishwe ku Imibhalo yamaShayina, hhayi ngaphambili kwe-4th ikhulu lesikhathi sethu, futhi kusukela Imibhalo yaseVietnam kwakamuva kakhulu (14th ekhulwini) kepha ehambisa amaqiniso nezinkolelo zakudala kakhulu.
Tukuphazamiseka kokuloba itafula lempilo yalo mbuso kuhlala ebunzimeni bokulungisa inkathi, noma ngisho nesigaba samakhulu eminyaka lapho singasebenza khona. I- Ubukhosi bukaHùng mhlawumbe wabusa cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane, uma sivuma isilinganiso seminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ekubuseni ngakunye; ngenkathi ukubuka okufingqiwe ku Impilo kaVăn Lang aqukethe imibhalo embalwa ehlakazekile kanye nenani elithile lezinganekwane lapho isifundo esibucayi siqaliswe nguHENRY MASPERO. Ngomhlaka 18 H kingsng amakhosi uma kubalwa ngokwesiko, sinokumbalwa okuqonde ngqo kwe-onomastical kanye nokulandelana kwezikhathi.
Aitafula le-ny elijwayelekile lizoqukatha imikhondo, ebangelwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka ka-1000 BC, noma ngo-300 BC. Ngaphandle kwalokho, okuningi kakhulu kwalezo zimfanelo kungahle kube okwama-epochs ngemuva Văn Lang umbuso futhi kungenzeka ukuthi idluliselwe kuyo ngu- ababhali base-Vietnamese we-14th futhi 15th amakhulu eminyaka.
The Umbuso weVăn-Lang, uma umuntu ekholelwa emibhalweni, kwakuyisifundazwe sombuso, sihlelwe ngokwezigaba kodwa sinikezwe amandla. Yabekwa ngaphansi komthetho we- a Hung (eyiqhawe) noma (Ilahlekile) inkosi owayekade eqokwe ngenxa yesibindi nobuqhawe bakhe. Lokho kuqala Inkosi yeHùng wabusa e UPhong Châu8, indawo etholakala osukwini lwanamuhla I-Bạch Hạc. Wayeyindodana endala ka I-L Longc Long Quân, ukhokho we Amakhulu Yue (Việtie isib Vietnamese, owayephinde abe ngumvikeli wobuhlakani walowo mbuso wokuqala wase-Vietnamese. Okokuqala Inkosi yeHùng hlukanisa UVăn Lang indawo ezifundeni ithululelwe abafowabo okungenzeka ukuthi yibo Lạc Marquis (Lạc Hầu noma izinduna zomphakathi).
Tizifunda zamapayipi ngokwawo zahlukaniswa zaba yimikhawulo eyabekwa kubafowabo benkosi noma kubantu bomndeni wasebukhosini (Lạc Tướng Noma izinduna zamasosha). Kwabizwa izindawo okwakuhlala kuzo la Makhosi Lạc Điền.
Pimisebenzi ye-ublic njengenkosi, i-marquis, ojenene (noma izinduna) kubonakala sengathi bekuyifa. Izingane zesilisa zenkosi zazinesiqu esithi I-Quan-Lang futhi kwabizwa abesifazane UMệ Nàng or UMỵ Nương9. Abantu bafanise leyonhlangano yezepolitiki nohlelo lwama-feudal olusekhona kumcako wamanje ezifundeni zezifunda eziphakathi neziphezulu zaseNyakatho yeVietnam, ikakhulukazi, ne Mường10 ezisenombuso wezinduna zezindlalifa, zihlanganiswe phakathi kwazo ngezibopho zobukhosi nobukhosi. Izakhamizi ze UVăn Lang lase lifinyelele izinga elithile lempucuko. Ifa lamasu wabo I-Xích Quỷ okhokho, babazithuthukisile futhi basungula ezintsha. Babengama-tiller abasebenzisa umlilo ukusula umhlaba, namageja ukulima. Ngemuva kwalokho beza ukuzilolonga nokusika amajuba; batshala bavuna irayisi elinamathelayo nelingasheleli (Bona inganekwane yeBánh Chưng). Bona, baqale bapheka irayisi labo kumashubhu oqalo, base beqala ukusebenzisa izimbiza zobumba nezensimbi. Babazi ngethusi. Futhi babengabadobi namatilosi. Bazitayela futhi bazipenda emizimbeni yabo izithombe zama-dragons (izingwenya noma izingwenya), izinyoka nezinye izilwane zasemanzini ukuze ziqiniseke ngokuvikelwa komlingo kulezo zilwane ezazesaba ukuhlaselwa. Ngenhloso efanayo, badweba ezikebheni nasemikhunjini yabo amakhanda amaningi namehlo ezilo zasemanzini. Izingubo zabo ekuqaleni zazenziwe ngemicu yemifino. Babeluka namacansi. Izindlu zabo zazakhelwe phezulu ngothile ukugwema konke ukuhlaselwa okungenzeka yizilo zasendle. Bazala, ngokusho okuthile Imibhalo yamaShayina, izinwele ezinde ze-chignon ezisekelwa ngumshuqulo. Ngokwezinganekwane ezithile zase-Vietnamese babenezinwele ezimfishane ukuze “lula ukumasha kwabo emahlathini asezintabeni“. Basebenzise ama-areca-nut ne-betel. Ukumnyama kwamazinyo akuboniswa ngokusobala enganekwaneni yesihlahla se-betel ne-areca-nul noma inganekwane ye- Cao (cau), kepha izazi eziningi zaseVietnam ziyibuyisela emuva kuleso sikhathi sokuqala. Kumele ukuthi babengabakhulekeli be-totem futhi benza imihlatshelo yabantu eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yi-10th ikhulu lesikhathi sethu, futhi imikhuba enjalo ngabe icindezelwe ngu INkosi Đinh Tiên Hoàng11. Imishado phakathi kwabo ibibonakala ngathi ibikhululekile futhi yenziwa ngezikhathi zonyaka wokuhambisa. I-Betel ne-areca-nati zadlala indima enkulu ekuthengeni. Amasiko emishado aqukethe umhlatshelo nedili ngaphambi kokuphela kwawo.
If umuntu ukholelwa ezinganekwaneni zase-Vietnamese, ngesikhathi sokubusa H kingsng amakhosi futhi mhlawumbe ngasekupheleni kobukhosi babo, kwasungulwa ubudlelwane obungaqondile West noma ngaphezulu kalula nge Izilwandle zaseningizimu. The Inganekwane Yamanzi Kubonakala kufakazela ukufika kwe- Vietnam abantu bezinye izizwe bohlanga olwehlukile ebelungangenisa imbewu, futhi lokhu kungenzeka ngolwandle (3rd Ikhulu leminyaka BC.?).
IZINDAWO ZOLWAZI :
1: PIERRE HUARD (16 October 1901, EBosnia - 28 Ephreli 1983) wayengudokotela waseFrance (udokotela ohlinzayo nokwakheka komzimba), isazi-mlando sezokwelapha kanye nesazi semvelo, isikhathi eside eposini e-Indochina, umphathi wamakhono amaningi ezokwelapha (IHanoï, eParis), umphathi we I-Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, iphayona emlandweni wezokwelapha. (Bona yonke imininingwane: P. HUARD)
2: UMAURICE DURAND wayengusolwazi wezilimi waseFrance-waseVietnam owazalelwa eHanoi. (Bona yonke imininingwane: M. DURAND)
3: ÂU CƠ (嫗 姬) kwaba, ngokusho kwenganekwane yendalo ye- Abantu baseVietnam, inganekwane yasentabeni engafi eshade I-L Longc Long Quân ("Udrako Nkosi yeLac“), Futhi ngathola isaka leqanda elachamisela izingane eziyikhulu ezaziwa ngokuhlanganyela njenge Bách Vicht, okhokho ku Abantu baseVietnam. (Bona yonke imininingwane: ÂU CƠ)
4: Umfula oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: izindlela UMfula iYangtze, kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yi- UMfula iBlue emithonjeni endala yesiNgisi. I- I-Yangtze or Yangzi (isiZulu: / ˈJæŋtsi / noma / ɑːŋjɑːŋtsi /) ngumfula omude kunayo yonke (6,300 km # 3,900 mi) ku Asia, eyesithathu ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni ukugeleza ngokuphelele ezweni elilodwa. Kuphakama ku UJari Hill ku Izintaba ZaseTanggula (I-Tibetan Plateau) futhi igeleza ngama-6,300 km (3,900 mi) ohlangothini olujwayelekile oluya empumalanga olwandle lwase-East China. Ungumfula wesithupha ngobukhulu ngokukhipha ivolumu emhlabeni.
5: UHENRI PAUL GASTON MASPERO (15/12/1883, Paris - 17/3/1945, Ikamu lokuhlushwa laseBuchenwald, eJalimane lamaNazi) wayengudokotela wesono waseFrance kanye noprofesa owanikela ezihlokweni ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene E-East Asia. (Bona yonke imininingwane: HENRI PAUL GASTON MASPERO) (Bona yonke imininingwane: HENRI MASPERO)
6: Ichibi laseTong-T'ing or Ichibi LaseDongting (IsiShayina: 庭 湖) ichibi elikhulu, elingashoni enyakatho-mpumalanga Isifundazwe saseHunan, eChina.
7: U-DƯƠNG VƯƠNG wayeyinkosi futhi ukuphela kombusi we umbuso ka-Lạc, izwe lasendulo lasendulo eligxile ku- I-Red River Delta. Njengomholi we Izizwe ze-Việt, wehlula owokugcina Inkosi yeHùng we isimo se-Văn Lang futhi yahlanganisa abantu bayo - abaziwa njenge I-Lạc Việt - nabantu bakhe the Âu Việt. U-Dương Vương ubalekile futhi wazibulala ngemuva kwempi no Amabutho eNanyue ngo-179 BCE. (Bona yonke imininingwane: I-DƯƠNG VƯƠNG)
8: UPhong Châu (峯 州, Isifunda saseBạch Hạc, iViệt Trì, isifundazwe sasePhú Thọ namuhlakwakuyi- inhlokodolobha yaseVăn Lang (manje iViet Namingxenye enkulu ye- Isikhathi seHồng Bàng,1 ukusuka Ubukhosi besithathu kuya Ubukhosi beshumi nesishiyagalombili of H kingsng amakhosi.
9: UMỵ Nương (Chinese: 媚 娘 noma 媚 嬝) yisihloko esisetshenziswe ngesikhathi se- Isikhathi saseHong Bang ukubhekisa endodakazini ye Amakhosi angamaHung. (Bona yonke imininingwane: UMỴ NƯƠNG)
10: I Mường (IsiVietnam: Người Mường) noma Mobi Yiqembu lesizwe elidabuka ku enyakatho yeVietnam. The Muong Iqembu lesithathu ngobukhulu ezweni lamaqembu amancane amancane, enabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-53 (ngokwezibalo zabantu zango-2019). I Abantu baseMuong hlala esifundeni sezintaba sase enyakatho yeVietnam, kugxilwe ku Isifundazwe saseHòa Bình nezifunda ezinezintaba ze Isifundazwe saseThanh Hóa. Zihlobene kakhulu ne- ubuhlanga baseVietnam (UKinh). (Bona yonke imininingwane: MƯỜNG)
11: ĐINH BỘ LĨNH (924-979) (r. 968–979), owaqanjwa ekuqaleni Đinh Hoàn (丁 桓 1), waba ngowokuqala Umbusi waseVietnam okulandela ukukhululwa kwezwe embusweni we Ubukhosi baseChina baseHan, kanye nomsunguli wempilo yesikhashana Isizinda sobukhosi be-astyinh kanye nenani elibalulekile ekusungulweni kwe- Inkululeko yaseVietnam kanye nobunye bezepolitiki ngekhulu le-10. (Bona yonke imininingwane: ĐINH TIÊN HOÀNG)
AMANOTHI :
Imithombo: IConnaissance du Vietnam - P. HUARD. Hanoi, 1954.
◊ Isithombe: wikipedia.com.
◊ Isihloko sikanhlokweni, izingcaphuno, usonhlamvukazi, imibhalo egqamile, e-ithalic, isithombe se-sepia esifakiwe sisethwe nguBan Tu Thư - khadangwadia.com
BAN TU THƯ
6 / 2021