U-Lý Toét eMzini: Ukuza Nemibandela Nesimanje ngo-1930s iVietnam - Ingxenye 2
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IGEORGE DUTTON
… Iyaqhubeka…
UPhong Hóa
Ukuma kangcono I-Lé Toét njengabo bobabili umlingisi ne-caricature, ake ngiqale nginikeze isizinda esifushane UPhong Hóa. Kuqala ukuvela eHà Nội ngo-1932, lo magazini waba nokuvelela ngokushesha nje lapho uthathwa ngabakwa Nguyễn Tường Tam, aziwa kangcono ngumnikazi wakhe wegama lakhe UNhất Linh. Ingxenye yokuqhuma kwe quốc ngữ izincwadi ezenzeka ngawo-1930s, UPhong Hóa Ishicilelwe isonto ngalinye kule minyaka emine eyalandela, ikhipha udaba lwayo lokugcina ngoJuni 1936.8 NgoJulayi 1933, iphepha selivele labika ukusakazwa masonto onke okwedlula izinkulungwane eziyishumi, okufakazela ukuthandwa okukhulu okuvela ngokwengxenye yohlobo lwayo lokuzijabulisa nolwokuqukethwe nokuqukethwe kwalo.9
Amakhasi we UPhong Hóa kubonise imvelo yasemadolobheni enesasasa lokufunda kwayo, ihlanganisa izinto zezindaba zamanje nezeluleko zemfashini, amahlaya, umzekeliso, nezincwadi ngesimo sezindaba ezimfishane namanoveli. Iphinde yethula izinto ezintsha njengamaphazili wamagama (bheka Umfanekiso 1), imidlalo yokuxhuma-ichashazi, nezithombe ezinombala ngenombolo eziveze izithombe ezinemininingwane.10 Lo mbhalo nezithombe bekungenziwa yizikhangiso ezazibonakalisa ukwehla kwemikhiqizo emisha nezinsizakalo zentengiso ziqala ukutholakala futhi zifinyeleleka kulabo abaphakathi emadolobheni abakhulayo. Konke kusuka ezingutsheni zakamuva zase-Europe kuya kogwayi, imithi yamalungelo obunikazi, izimoto, nezinsizakalo zokuhamba kwakumiswa kahle ezincwadini nemifanekiso yangesonto. Ngakho-ke okuqukethwe "kwesimanjemanje" kwelejithali kwaxhunyaniswa ngokusobala nokwenziwa kabusha okwakukhona emikhiqizweni kanye nokuthumela okuthengiswayo.
UPhong Hóa futhi Ngày No (isungulwe ku-1935) kubonise isifiso sobabili sokuhlinzeka ngokuphuma kwemizamo yokubhala yomhleli wayo nomnyombo wababhali nabahumushi nokusebenza njengempendulo kwiphephabhuku lababambisani eselisungulwe kudala, UNam Phong [Umoya ovela eningizimu].11 Ihlelwe yiFrancophile neotradiminist I-Phạm Quỳnh, UNam Phong (1917-1934) iveze uhlobo lwe-neo-Confucianism olwaluzama ukusebenzisa amandla ezombusazwe nawezenhlalo alondoloze leyo mqondo emphakathini oshintsha ngokushesha waseVietnam ngawo-1920 no-1930.12 Nam Umoya's ngokusobala okuyimbangela yesimanjemanje ngenkathi ikhuthaza lokho abaningi abakubona njengesikhathi samaConfucian esidlule kwasha umlilo UPhong Hóa's abahleli, ababefuna kaningi ukukhombisa ukuthi ubuConfucianism abuhambelani nezikhathi eziguqukayo.13 Lapho isikhathi eside UNam Phong ekugcineni yamisa ukushicilelwa ngo-1934, UPhong Hóa's abahleli bayibhala ngobumnandi imininingwane yayo.
U-Lé Toét noCicicature
I-Lé Toét iqale ukubonakala ekhasini le- UPhong Hóa ngoMeyi 26,1933, lapho simthola ebheka esikhungweni samanzi esingunxande futhi esiguqeke ngasohlangothini lomgwaqo, emangazwa isitina esimnandi somngcwabo (bheka Umfanekiso 2).14
Yize bekungokokuqala ukuthi igama lomuzi ophokophela isambulela libonakale ngegama, lo muntu ovezwe emzimbeni wakhe usevele waba yinto ejwayelekile ephephabhukwini, yize bekwenziwa ngegama elihlukile.15 Lo mlingiswa we-archetypal wayengewona umkhiqizo womuntu oyedwa kepha wayejwayelekile esetshenziswa ngabantu abahlukahlukene ababonisa. Impela, UPhong Hóa ngezikhathi ezimeme abafundi bayo ukuthi bathumele I-Lé Toét imifanekiso namahlaya, nalezo ezashicilelwa zanikela abadali bazo umugqa wegalelo labo, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile umklomelo wohlobo oluthile.16 Ngakho, i I-Lé Toét umlingiswa angabhekwa ngomqondo othile njengokubonisa okudumile okuthile kwengqondo. Ubengesona isibonakaliso esimfishane somphawuli oyedwa wezenhlalo kepha kunemizwa, ukwesaba, kanye namathemba esigaba esibanzi somphakathi wase-Vietnamese okwazi ukufunda.
Yize kuhunyushwe abahumanisi abaningi I-Lé Toét ngoba UPhong Hóa, lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwabaculi akubonakali njalo. Noma ngabe izitayela ezijwayelekile zabanikeli zihlukile kangakanani, I-Lé Toét futhi izici zakhe ezihlukanisayo bekufanele zikhonjiswe ngezindlela ezifanayo nezithandeka kalula. Njengokucela usizo ngo-1933 I-Lý Toét ikhathuni ukhumbuze ababengaba nengxenye: “[A] wabo bonke I-Lé Toétizimfanelo ezikhethekile, lezi osujwayelene nazo. ”17 Ngakho-ke, wayehlala ekhonjiswa nge-cap, ingubo ende, kanye namabhulukwe ayethandwa ngabanumzana bendawo. Wayengakaze ngaphandle kwesambulela -Kodwa, noma kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kumnyama-okwakusebenza njengophawu lwesimo sakhe sedolobhana, njengoba futhi kumkhombisile njengomuntu ongaphandle kwendawo yasemadolobheni eyinkimbinkimbi. Wayedlala ubuso obuntekenteke, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi azilungiselele kahle. Ngale ndlela wayebonakala ngokushesha, noma ngabe akhonjwe ngqo kumazwibela noma cha.
I-Lé Toét kwakufanekisela into entsha ku-Vietnamese journalism, leyo-caricature. Ukwethulwa kwe-caricature kumakhasi we UPhong Hóa nokubukeka ekugcineni kwe I-Lé Toét , kuzo zonke amathuba, kwakungumkhiqizo we UNhất LinhUcwaningo olwenziwe eFrance ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1930. Ngalesi sikhathi UNhất Linh wadalulwa isiko laseFrance le-caricature elalisebenza, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngeNguquko yaseFrance, njengemoto yokuluma ukuphawula kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki. UNhất Linh Kubonakala sengathi ithonywe ikakhulukazi yiwo osanda kusungulwa (1915) iphephabhuku Le Canard Enchaine [I-Chained Duck], ebidume ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kwe-caricature ukuphawula ngohlu lwemicimbi yamanje.18 Ngenkathi isiko lamaFrance le-caricature laliphathelene nezepolitiki kakhulu, kepha ngenkathi ezinye zenziwa UPhong Hóa banikeze umbono ovela kuSathane ngezinombolo zezepolitiki zangaleso sikhathi, I-Lý Toét ikhathuni bona bodwa bahlunge ukuphawula ngokweqile kwezepolitiki, bakhetha ukugxekwa emphakathini nakwezamasiko. Lokhu kubonise bobabili I-Lé Toétamandla athile njengesithonjana sokuxabana kwamasiko neqiniso lokuthi Amaphephandaba ezilimi zaseVietnam, ikakhulukazi enyakatho, babe ngaphansi kokucushwa kanzima, okwenza amazwana ezepolitiki nganoma yiluphi uhlobo abe isiphakamiso esiyingozi.19
The isiko le-caricature, otshalwe eVietnam UNhất Linh futhi mhlawumbe abanye, bathola inhlabathi evundile ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Okokuqala kwakuyintsha yayo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi komongo womhlaba Imidiya yokuphrinta yeVietnam, eyethula izinto eziningi ezithathwe emaphephandabeni aseNtshonalanga. Okwesibili kwakuwukuhlekisa kwalo, kwesinye isikhathi kwezepolitiki, kepha ikakhulukazi kwakuwukubonakaliswa kobuhlanga emphakathini nakwisiko ababephila kulo abafundi. Kungekudala ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-caricature, njengoba Marr uphawulile: “[C] Abadwebi bezinkanyezi basebenzisa le ndlela entsha ukuthola imiphumela ebucayi nethintekayo. Amakhathuni amahle kwesinye isikhathi ayehamba ekhasini lokuqala, ngokungangabazeki asiza ukuthengisa amaphepha. Ababazi bakhathuni bathuthukisa ama-stereotypes amelela isikhulu saseFrance, i-mandarin yaseVietnam, inhloko yedolobhana [okungukuthi, uLý Toét], intokazi yaseNtshonalanga, umlimi ohlukunyeziwe nabanye abaningi. ”20 Ngempela, I-Lé Toét njengesibalo se-caricature esifanele ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwamakhasi we UPhong Hóa, okusuka ekhasini lesembozo sayo ngaphambi kwamakhasi ayo okugcina kwakugcwele amakhathuni nama-caricature, okubonisa konke kusuka ezinhlakeni zezombusazwe zamazwe aphesheya kwezwe — uHitler noMusolini — kanye nezazi zezepolitiki namasiko asekhaya UTrần Trọng Kim futhi Nguyen Van Tam- Okumelwe ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezinhlobo zenhlalo ezingahlanganisi uLý Toét kuphela kepha uhlu lwabanye, njengoba Marr iphakamisa.
Okwesithathu, futhi ngandlela-thile, ingxenye enkulu yokudluliswa kwecaricature yayikhona yokuthi ukubonwa nokubukwa njengobuhlakani bekuvele kunomlando omude kusiko laseVietnam. Eminyakeni eyedlule, iVietnam yathuthukisa amandla amakhulu okusebenzisa izibalo kuzo zonke izindlela zokuphila, yize kungekho owaphumelela ukwedlula izikhulu ezinesizotha noma amandla. Lezi zazivame ukugconwa ezinsolweni ezahlukahlukene zabesilisa. Ama-akhawunti womsebenzi we Trạng Quỳnh [I-Master Quỳnh], i-literatus ephansi enobuhlakani eyayiphila ngokugculisayo eyayingcono kakhulu kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, yibona ababegqame kakhulu kuleli siko elibalulekile. Ezinye izindaba ezikule vein zigxile kwisibalo Trạng Lợn [U-Master Pig], obemelele isikhulu senkantolo njengesiwula, futhi walandela izindlela eziningi eziphambukile lapho ubuwula bakhe nomphathi we-naivete behlala bekwazi ukumsindisa khona futhi kwesinye isikhathi bamguqula babe yiqhawe elalingalindele.21 UPeter Zinoman Uveze ukuthi umhlaziyi wezemibhalo uVăn Tâm wabona ukufana okunamandla phakathi Trạng Lợn futhi Ubomvu onezinwele Xuân, umlingiswa ophakathi ku Vũ Trọng Phụng's Isimungulu, othola impumelelo ngokufanayo yizenoma mhlawumbe ngenxa) ukungazi kwakhe.22
Yize izibalo zabantu abakhethekile bezikhuliswa kaningi ezindabeni zamandulo noma kwezinye izinkambiso zomlomo, ngezinye izikhathi zazikhanyiswa ngokombono, yize kungaqondile, ngendlela yokuvimbezela izinkuni izilwane ezahlukahlukene kwakusetshenziselwa ukumela umhlaba wabantu. The ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane futhi umphakathi wezilwane ukumela abantu, empeleni, bekuyindlela yokuhlinzeka ngokuhlaziya ngendlela ecishe ibe ngokwanele ukuba iqondwe ngaphandle kokubukeka sengathi ihlasela ngqo izibalo zegunya. Kunoma ikuphi, izethulo ze-blockblock zezikhulu noma izinhlangano zezenhlalo njengezilwane ezithile zazingezinye izindlela zokunikeza okungachazwa kuphela ngokuthi ama-caricature. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo zithombe ezivimbe izinkuni zavela ngisho nasemakhasini UPhong Hóa, noma inhlobo efakiwe, njengokuhlinzekwa kwe- “Umshado wamagundane"(bheka Umfanekiso 3), elixube okwanamuhla (izimoto, amagilamafoni, nokugqoka kwaseNtshonalanga) kanye nesiko (izicishamlilo, idili lomshado, nokuhlonipha abazali bakho).23
Ekugcineni, mhlawumbe akumangazi ukuthi izinto zendabuko zendabuko ezinjengalezi kufanele zibaluleke, uma kwesinye isikhathi zicashile, ingxenye yamaphephabhuku anamuhla anjenge UPhong Hóa. Lezi zinto ziveza umsuka okungenani wasendaweni yababhali basemadolobheni yango 1930s, futhi iqiniso lokuthi iningi labantu abahlala emadolobheni ngokwabo bekungukudluliswa kwakamuva okuvela emadolobhaneni, futhi ngenxa yalokho lizokwazisa amahlaya ahambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo amasiko, noma ngabe imvelaphi yawo ngezinye izikhathi kufihliwe.24 Ngenxa yalokho, I-Lé Toét futhi indawo ebanzi ye-caricature ayimelele kuphela ingxenye encane kufanele ibhekwe hhayi njengefomethi yobuciko ngokuphelele neyongeniswayo kepha kunalokho njengengxenye yemifudlana emibili yokuhlekisa: isiko lesiFulentshi le-caricature yezombusazwe nesiko laseVietnam elisungulwe kudala we-satire yomlomo nokubukwayo.
Isizathu sokugcina sokukhalaza kwe UPhong Hóaka- imifanekiso —Ngaphandle kwe- I-Lé Toét ama-caricature nakwamanye amakhathuni-kungenzeka kube amandla abo okubonisa ukunyakaza nokunyakaza. Iningi lalawa makhathuni lifaka phakathi ozimele abaningi, okukhombisa ukulandelana kwezigameko umfundi angazilandela kusuka ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube isiphetho sazo. Ezinye zazingamaphaneli amabili aqonde ngqo ”ngaphambi nangemva kwalokho”Ukulandelana, kanti abanye babebandakanya ozimele abathathu noma ngaphezulu futhi bakhombisa uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezicishe zifane nesithombe eshukumisayo. Iningi lalawa makhathuni libonisa ubungozi bempilo yanamuhla yasemadolobheni, libonisa lezi zingozi ochungechungeni lwezithombe: izinsizwa zishayisana namabhayisekili abo ngaphezu kwezinhlaka ezintathu; umuntu ohamba naye, ejulile engxoxweni, ozimele ezimbili, bese ewa ngenqindi evulekile kwesithathu.25 Ngisho nabaningi UPhong Hoá Imifanekiso equkethe izithombe zohlaka olulodwa ingakhombisa ukunyakaza lapho isho umqondo walokho okuzokwenzeka ngokulandelayo: I-Lé Toét sesizoshayiswa isitimela, I-Lé Toét acishe afake izicathulo zakhe, nokunye. Ukunyakaza ngaleyo ndlela kumelelwe emakhasini aphrintiwe we UPhong Hóa kusikisela ijubane, ushintsho, kanye namandla osuku lwasemadolobheni. Lezi zithombe zilingise futhi, ngandlela thile, indlela entsha yefilimu, eyayidlalwa kakhulu eHà Nội ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1930.26
… Qhubeka…
7. Indatshana emfushane yomsebenzi kaNhất Linh nokuzibandakanya kwakhe kuPhong Hóa angayithola kuNguyễn Văn Ký, "Idolobha Elikhumbulayo," eHanoi: Idolobha Ledrako Elikhuphukayo, UCeorges Boudarel noNguyễn Văn Ký (Lanham, MD: Rowman naseLittlefield, 2002), 35-37; bona futhi noCreg Lockhart, "Uhambo Oluphukile: Ukuhamba kuka-Nhất Linh's," I-East Asia History 8 (December 1994): 73-134; futhi Jamieson, Ukuqonda iVietnam, I-113-114.
8.Jamieson, Ukuqonda iVietnam, 102.
9. Phong Hoa, Julayi 28,1933, k. 3; Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Idolobha Elikukhumbulayo," 34. Nguyễn Văn Ký ulinganisela amanani abafundi UPhong Hóa ezingaba ngu-15,850 nangokuthi Ngày No ka-7.850. Nguyễn Văn Ký, I-La Societe Vietnamienne,
10. Iphazili yokuqala yegama, ngokwesibonelo, yavela ngoMashi 17,1933 ( 15) ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Xếp Chữ Ô” [lit. "Beka izinhlamvu emabhokisini"] futhi ufake imininingwane eningilizayo yokuthi lawo mapuzzle asebenza kanjani. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-crosswords abeyinto ejwayelekile emakhasini we UPhong Hóa.
11. Amaphepha amabili anqwabelana kafushane ngo-1935, kodwa Ngày No iyaqhubeka nokushicilela ngemuva UPhong Hóa avale unyaka olandelayo.
12. UHue-Tam Ho Tai, I-Radicalism kanye Nomsuka Wokuvukelwa KwaseVietnam (ECambridge, MA: IHarvard University Press, 1992, 49.
13. "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," UPhong Hóa, Mashi 2,1934, kk.
UPhong Hóa, Meyi 26,1933, k. 5.
Ukuthola okuningi ngemizimba yokuqala kaLý Toét, bheka i-Nguyễn Văn Ký, I-La Society Vietnamienne,
16. Isibonelo, bona ukucelwa kweminikelo kaLý Toét ku UPhong Hóa, Disemba 15,1933, k. 6. UDavid Marr uveze ukuthi umhlaba omusha wezincwadi awakhethanga isithangami hhayi sabafundi kuphela kepha ngababhali nababhali bezithombe, namakhasi UPhong Hóa, njengalawo amanye amaphephabhuku amaningi ngalesi sikhathi, ayevame ukufaka iminikelo yabafundi (Marr, "A Passion for Modernity," 261).
17. UPhong Hoá, Disemba 15,1933, k. I-6.
18. Nguyễn Văn Ký,Umuzi Owakhumbulayo, ” Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwemvelaphi yalelo phephabhuku, bheka uLaurent Martin, I-Le Canard enchaine ku-Les Fortunes de la vertu: Umlando we-histoire d'un satirique 1915-2000 [I-Chained Duck noma i-Fortunes of Virtue: Umlando We-Satirical Journal, 1915-2000] (I-Paris: Figuearion, 2001), ikakhulukazi izahluko 1 no-2. Robert Justin Goldstein, Ukuvinjelwa kweCaricature Yezombusazwe eFrance ngekhulu le-XNUMX (Kent, OH: Kent State Univeisity Press, 1989); UDavid S. Kerr, Isiko leCaricature neFrance lezombusazwe, 1830-1848: UCharles Philipon kanye noChwepheshe Wezithombe (Oxford: UClarendon Press, 2000).
19. Ngakho-ke, ikhathuni le-Lý Toét alikwazi ukubona njengokuzalwa kweVietnam yesikhalo samanje sezepolitiki, esabonakala ezindaweni ezinjenge-Indonesia, yize kwenzeka ngandlela-thile kuleli khulu leminyaka, njengoba uBenedict Anderson echaza. UBenedict Anderson, "Amakhathuni Nezikhumbuzo: Ukuvela Kwezokuxhumana Kwezepolitiki ngaphansi kwe-New Order,”Emandleni Ezepolitiki Nezokuxhumana e-Indonesia, ed. UKarl D. Jackson noLucian W. Pye (IBerkeley neLos Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), 286-301.
20. UMarr, "Isifiso Somanje," 261-262.
21. Isibonelo senganekwane kaTrạng Lợn angasithola kuHữu Ngọc, Imidwebo Yesithombe Esibonisa Isiko LaseVietnam (IHà Nội: Abashicileli be-Thế Giới, 1998), 761-764; ukuze uthole ingxoxo engaphezulu yalesi sakhi sabantu baseVietnam, bheka amakhasi 616-618.
22. Peter Zinoman, isingeniso ku Inhlanhla Yisimungulu, ngo-Vũ Trọng Phụng, ed. Peter Zinoman, trans, nguNguyễn Nguyệt Cầm noPeter Zinoman (U-Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002, 13.
UPhong Hóa, Disemba 1,1933, k. I-1.
24. Ngokuvela kwesibalo esikhulu sabantu basemadolobheni eHanoi, bheka i-Zinoman, isingeniso se Isimungulu, 7; bheka futhi uCreg Lockhart noMonique Lockhart, isingeniso ku- Ukukhanya Kwe-capital: Ama-Classics amathathu Esimanje SaseVietnam (I-Kuala Lumpur: I-Oxford University Press, ngo-1996), 9-11. Eziningana Umoya Ababhali abaphambili bakaHóa babeyizimpondo ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kepha kunzima ukuthola i-akhawunti enembile yabantu ababhala amaphepha.
25. Ukuze uthole izibonelo zamakhathuni asengozini yokushayisana, bheka UPhong Hóa, Septhemba 29,1934, k. 1; no-Okthoba 13,1933, k. 8; ikhathuni lekhava lamanzi, uyabona UPhong Hóa, Agasti 18,1933, iphe. I-13.
26. I-Sec, ngokwesibonelo, Nguyễn Văn Ký, I-La Societe Vietnamienne, I-181-191, ephawula ukuthi amafilimu angaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu akhonjiswa eHanoi phakathi kuka-1937 no-1938.
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