Umhlaba Ongcwele wezifundo zeVietnam

I-INTERNET YOKUTHOLA IZIFUNDO ZEVIETNAM

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I-DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, iminyaka engu-78 ubudala)

3910 Ukubukwa

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     AI-N DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, 78 iminyaka ubudalakwakuyinkosi futhi ukuphela kombusi we umbuso ka-Lạc, izwe lasendulo lasendulo eligxile ku- I-Red River Delta. Njengomholi we Izizwe ze-Việt, wehlula owokugcina Inkosi yeHùng we isimo se-Văn Lang futhi yahlanganisa abantu bayo - abaziwa njenge I-Lạc Việt - nabantu bakhe the Âu Việt. U-Dương Vương ubalekile futhi wazibulala ngemuva kwempi no Amabutho eNanyue ngo-179 BCE.

Biography

Origin

       Tizichasiso zalesi sibalo “liguqubele”Ngoba okuwukuphela kolwazi olunikezwa ngama-akhawunti abhaliwe yigama lakhe, elibonakala limhlanganisa ne isimo sasendulo saseShu kulokho manje Sichuan, inqotshwe Qin ubukhosi ngo-316 BCE.1,2 Lokhu futhi bekungumbono wendabuko we Chinese futhi Izazi-mlando zaseVietnam. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga ezithile ezihambisana nokwamukela lo mbono wendabuko.3 Imilando eminingi kufaka phakathi Amarekhodi eZindawo Ezingaphandle zesifundazwe iJiao,4 Đại Việt sử lược, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư wathi wayenguye Shu nkosana (ms. “蜀 王 子”, incazelo yangempela: “indodana yenkosi uShu“), Kepha abakwazanga ukuchaza imvelaphi yakhe ngqo. Izazi-mlando zakamuva zaba nombono ongaqondakali. Ku- Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, abalobi bazwakalisa ukungabaza mayelana Imvelaphi yeNkosi An Dương Vương, ethi akunakwenzeka ukuthi i- Shu nkosana ukuwela izinkulungwane zamamayela, udabule emahlathini, izifundazwe eziningi ziyohlasela UVăn Lang.5 Ngo-1963, isiko lomlomo le- Abantu in Mude njengo esithi "Cẩu chủa cheng vùa”Kwaqoshwa. 1,6 Ngokwale akhawunti, ekugcineni kwe- Ubukhosi bukaHồng Bàng, kwakukhona umbuso owawubizwa UNam Cương (kukhanya. “umngcele oseningizimu“) Osukwini lwanamuhla Mude njengo futhi Guangxi.1 Kwakuqukethe izifunda eziyi-10, lapho iSilo sasihlala khona enkabeni (isifundazwe sanamuhla seCao BằngEzinye izifunda eziyisishiyagalolunye zazingaphansi kwamakhosi ayisishiyagalolunye.7 Ngenkathi Ubaba weNkosi An Dương Vương (Thục Chế 蜀 制) washona, wayesengumntwana; nokho, ubuhlakani bakhe bamenza wakwazi ukugcina isihlalo sobukhosi futhi wonke amakhosi azinikela. UNam Cương waba namandla ngokwengeziwe ngenkathi UVăn Lang waba buthakathaka.1,6 Ngemuva kwalokho, wahlasela UVăn Lang futhi wasungula isimo se Âu Lạc. Le ndaba isekelwa izinsalela eziningi, izinsalela namagama ezindawo ku- Isifundazwe saseCao Bằng. Ukucabanga ngemvelaphi yakhe njengomhlali wendawo nakho kukhonjisiwe ezinganekwaneni ezahlukahlukene, amarejista, ukukhonza kanye nezinkumbulo zabantu.

Isisekelo se-ạu Lạc

      Pudweshu ku Ukubusa kwamaShayina esifundeni, enyakatho nase enyakatho-maphakathi neVietnam kwakubuswa ngu L kingsc amakhosi (H kingsng amakhosi) ababekhonzwa ngu Lạc hầu futhi Lạc tướng.8 Cishe ngo-257 BCE, base benezelwa yi U Việt isimo saseNam Cương, ababehlala engxenyeni eseningizimu ye UMfula iZuo, umsele wokuhambisa amanzi we Wena Mfula nendawo engenhla ne UMfula iLô, uMfula iGâm, Futhi UMfula iCu.9,10 Umholi we Âu Việt, UTHỤC PHÁN, ugumbuqele owokugcina H kingsng amakhosi, futhi wahlanganisa le mibuso emibili ngaphansi kwegama lika Âu Lạc, ememezela yena Inkosi An Dương (I-Dương Vương).1

Ukwakhiwa kweCổ Loa Citadel

     KIng I-DƯƠNG isungule i- inhlokodolobha ye-ạu Lạc in Tây Vu, lapho kwakhiwa khona inqaba ebiyelweyo, eyaziwa ngomlando njenge- Cổ Loa.11 Kwakuyisikhungo sokuqala sezepolitiki se- Impucuko yaseVietnam inkathi yangaphambi kweSinitic,12 ngendwangu yangaphandle ehlanganisa amahektha angama-600,13,14 enye yamasayithi amakhulu okuhlala abantu ngaphambili Southeast Asia.15 Igama “Cổ Loa" I-Sino-Vietnamese ukufundwa kwe- 古 螺 ( E-Middle Chinese (ZS) kuX-luɑ > Isi-Chinese Standard: UGǔ Luó), ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi “I-Conch yasendulo“. Ngokuvumelana ne Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, lenqaba yakheke njengombhoshongo,16 kukhombisa ukwakheka kwenqwaba yenqaba enezindonga eziqinile kanye nemisele.17

       Timicimbi ehambisana nokwakhiwa kwalesi sigodlo esime njengokwemvelo ikhunjulwe enganekwaneni yofudu lwegolide. Ngokwale nganekwane, lapho kwakhiwa ikomkhulu, wonke umsebenzi owenziwa emini wenziwa ngendlela engaqondakali ebusuku yiqembu lemimoya elalifuna ukuphindisela indodana yenkosi edlule.18 Imimoya yendawo yayiholwa yizinkukhu ezimhlophe ezineminyaka eyinkulungwane ezazinamathele eduze I-Mount Tam Đảo. INkosi ibe isishisa impepho, yathandaza, yavusa onkulunkulu ukuze bamsize. Ukuphendula ukunxusa kwakhe, kwavele kwavela ufudu olukhulu lwegolide emanzini, lwahlula inkukhu emhlophe, lwayivikela kwaze kwaphela inqaba. Lapho esehamba, wanikela ngozipho lwakhe olulodwa futhi wayala iNkosi ukuba ilusebenzise njengenhlamvu yesiphambano, ngesiqiniseko sokuthi ngalo yayinganqotshwa.

       KIng KUTHUNYELWE i-DƯƠNG I-Cao Lỗ (noma uCao Thông) ukwakha uthingo futhi walibhabhadisa "I-Saintly Crossbow Yesikhumba Esikhanyayo Esingajwayelekile"(nỏ thần), Yikuphi ukudubula okungabulala amadoda angama-300.8,18 Ngokuvumelana ne isazi-mlando KW Taylor, isiphambano, kanye negama laso, kubonakala sengathi kungeniswe kuso China kusukela Abantu base-Austroasiatic eningizimu phakathi nekhulu lesithathu noma lesine leminyaka BCE.18 Ngokushesha yaba yingxenye ye- Isikhali samaShayina; indlela yayo yokubamba inamandla yayikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi ephezulu nokudedela umcibisholo ngamandla amakhulu kunanoma iluphi olunye uhlobo lomnsalo. Kusembiwe izindlela ezimbili zokubheda Vietnam; izindlela eziningi kungenzeka zazenziwe ngoqalo.

Impi neNanyue

      In 204 BCE, ngo IPanyu (manje iGuangzhou), ZHAO TUO, a ongowokuzalwa eZhending,19,20 ku isimo seZhao (u-Hebei wanamuhla), isungule i- umbuso waseNanyue.21 UTAYLOR (1983) wakholwa ngesikhathi lapho ENanyue futhi Âu Lạc babekhona, Âu Lạc ivume okwesikhashana i-suzerainty ye- ENanyue, kepha kunokuba usho lokho ENanyue kwakusebenzisa noma yiliphi igunya langempela phezu kwabo, lokhu kumane nje kumelela okwabo mutual anti-Han imizwa. Njengobudlelwano obunokuthula ne- han zabuyiselwa, Ithonya likaNanyue phezu Âu Lạc kuphelelwe yisikhathi. Ibutho I-Zhao Tuo wayedale ukuphikisana ne- han ibisitholakala ukuthunyelwa ngokumelene ne Âu Lạc.22

      Timininingwane yomkhankaso ayibhalwanga ngokweqiniso. I-Zhao Tuoukushiyeka kwasekuqaleni nokunqoba ekugcineni Inkosi An Dương kukhulunywe ngakho ku- Amarekhodi eZindawo Ezingaphandle zesifundazwe iJiao.4 Amarekhodi we Isazi-mlando Esikhulu angishongo futhi Inkosi An Duong noma Ukunqoba kwezempi kukaZhao Tuo ku-ạu Lạc; lokho nje ngemuva Ukufa kuka-Empress Lü (180 BCE), uZHAO TUO wasebenzisa amabutho akhe ukusongela futhi wasebenzisa ingcebo ukufumbathisa i- I-Minyue, lo I-Western Ou, Kanye Luo ekuthobeleni.23 Kodwa-ke, lo mkhankaso ugqugquzele inganekwane enengqikithi yokudluliswa kophiko olubangelwa ufudu kusuka ku Inkosi An Duong kuya I-Zhao Tuo. Ngokwale nganekwane, ubunikazi besiphambano babunikeza amandla ezepolitiki: “Lowo okwazi ukubamba lesi siphambano ulawula umbuso; ongakwazi ukubamba lesi siphambano uzobhubha. "24,25,26

       UEphumelele enkundleni yempi, uZHAO TUO wacela isivumelwano futhi wathumela indodana yakhe UZhong Shi ukuzithoba ku Inkosi An Dương ukumkhonza.27,25 Lapho, yena no Indodakazi kaKing An Duong, UMỴ CHÂU, wathandana futhi bashada.25,28 Insalela yenhlangano kamatilosi yayidinga ukuthi indoda ihlale lapho kuhlala khona umndeni womkayo.29 Ngenxa yalokho, bahlala khona Inkantolo ka-Duong kuze UZhong Shi ukwazile ukuthola izimfihlo futhi amasu weNkosi An Dương.29 Okwamanje, King KULashwa nge-DUONG I-Cao Lỗ ngokungahloniphi, futhi wamshiya.30

       ZHONG SHI kwadingeka UMỵ Châu mkhombise uthingo olungcwele, ngesikhathi eguqula ngasese inhlamvu yakhe, ehlisa amandla ayo akhethekile futhi ayenze ize.28 Wabe esecela ukubuyela kuyise, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wahlasela kabusha Âu Lạc futhi kulokhu kunqotshiwe Inkosi An Dương.29 Umlando uqopha ukuthi, ekunqotshweni kwayo, iNkosi yangena olwandle yazibulala. Kwezinye izinhlobo, watshelwa ufudu ngokungathembeki kwendodakazi yakhe futhi wabulala indodakazi yakhe ngokukhohlisa ngaphambi kokuzibulala. Inganekwane, nokho, idalula ukuthi ufudu lwegolide lwavela emanzini lwamqondisa endaweni yamanzi.25 Kukhona nesiko lokuthi iNkosi yabalekela eningizimu yanamuhla Isifundazwe saseNghệ, wakha inqaba entsha futhi wabusa waze wafa.31

        From ukutholakala kwemivubukulo ye- Cổ Loa, kungenzeka ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezempi obuvela ku- Izwe Lempi yayidluliselwe esifundeni ngobuningi bezikhali ezifana namabutho esikhathi samanje China, okuphakamisa ukuthi uthingo lwenkosazana olungaphezu kwemvelo kungenzeka lwaluluhlobo lwe “imodeli entsha yebutho”Uqeqeshwe futhi wayalwa ngu ICao Thông, okwakungu “ayisasebenzi”Ngaphandle kokufundiswa nguye.32

Legacy

     Vizazi-mlando zase-Vietnamese ngokuvamile babheka izehlakalo ezinkulu zale nkathi njengezimpande eqinisweni elingokomlando. Kodwa-ke ukuhumusha nokubuyisana komlando waleso sikhathi kubekiwe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphambene ne umlando wokuhumusha komlando weSoviet.33 The inhlokodolobha yeNkosi An Dương, I-CỔ LOA, yayiyisikhungo sokuqala sezombusazwe se- Impucuko yaseVietnam inkathi yangaphambi kweSinitic.12 Isiza siqukethe amasethi amabili wangaphandle wezindonga kanye nenqaba ngaphakathi, enesimo esingunxande. Ama-moats aqukethe uchungechunge lwemifudlana, kufaka phakathi i- UMfula iHoang Giang noxhumano lwamachibi ahlinzekile Cổ Loa ngokuvikelwa nokuzulazula.34 Kim kulinganiselwa inani labantu base Co Loa kungenzeka ukuthi isukela kwabangu-5,000 10,000 kuya cishe kwabangu-XNUMX XNUMX.35

Okubhekwayo

  1. UTAYLOR 1983, ikhasi. 19.
  2. TERRY F. KLEEMAN 1998, ikhasi. 24.
  3. O'HARROW 1979, ikhasi. 148.
  4. Njengoba kucashunwe ku- Ukuphawula kukaLi Daoyuan use Amanzi Classic, Umq. 37
  5. Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (欽 定 越 史 通 鑑 綱 目)
  6. DO DUY ANH 2016, k. 30.
  7. DO DUY ANH 2016, k. 29.
  8. KELLEY 2014, k. 88.
  9. DO DUY ANH 2016, k. 31.
  10. IDEMATTÈ 2015, ikhasi. 622-624.
  11. UTAYLOR 2013, ikhasi. 14.
  12. IMIKSIC & YIAN 2016, ikhasi. 111.
  13. IMIKSIC & YIAN 2016, ikhasi. 156.
  14. IKIM, LAI & TRINH 2010, ikhasi. 1013.
  15. IKIM 2020, k. 231.
  16. NGÔ SĨ LIÊN et al., Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư "I-Dương Vương”Quote:“ 王 於 是 築 城 于 越 裳 ， 廣 千 丈 ， 盤 旋 如 螺 形 故 號 螺 城 ”tr:“INkosi yabe isakha inqaba eViệt Thường, ebanzi eyinkulungwane-zhàng ebanzi, izulazula futhi izulazula njengokumila kombhoxo. Ngakho-ke, yayibizwa ngeConch Citadel. "
  17. IKIERNAN, BEN (2017). IViệt Nam: umlando kusuka ngesikhathi sokuqala kuze kube manje. I-Oxford University Press. k. 34.
  18. UTAYLOR 1983, ikhasi. 21.
  19. WATSON 1961, k. 239.
  20. YU 1986, amakhasi 451-452.
  21. LOEWE 1986, k. 128.
  22. UTAYLOR 1983, ikhasi. 24.
  23. WATSON 1961, k. 241.
  24. NAM C. KIM 2015, ikhasi. 5.
  25. UTAYLOR 1983, ikhasi. 25.
  26. UGEORGE E. DUTTON 2006, ikhasi. 70.
  27. UKUQALA NGO-2001, k. 193.
  28. KELLEY 2014, k. 89.
  29. UTAYLOR 2013, ikhasi. 15.
  30. UTAYLOR 2013, ikhasi. 16.
  31. UTAYLOR 1983, ikhasi. 317.
  32. ITAYLOR 2013, amakhasi 16-17.
  33. PATRICIA M. PELLEY - I-Postcolonial Vietnam: Imibhalo Emisha Yesikhathi Esidlule Sikazwelonke - Ikhasi 50 2002 “obethembele kakhulu emsebenzini kaLenin - ikakhulukazi uTrần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, noPhan Huy Lê - bashicilele izifundo ezimbili ezihamba phambili, iPrimitive Communism kanye neThe History of Feudalism, lapho bashiye khona ngokusobala ... ubukhomanisi bokuqala kuya ku-feudalism Bephefumulelwe ukusho kukaLenin mayelana namazwe amaSlavic, izazi-mlando eyunivesithi zagcizelela ukuthi kuqala ngamakhosi amaHùng kanye nombuso waseVăn Lang… ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-An Dương Vương, owayebusa umbuso wase-Au Lạc, nangezigaba zokuqala Umsebenzi waseChina (kusukela ngo-2879 BC kuya ku-43 AD, ngamanye amagama) umphakathi waseVietnam wawususelwe kubukhomanisi bokuqala "
  34. I-HIGHAM 1996, ikhasi. 122.
  35. I-KIM 2015, ikhasi. 219-220.

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AMANOTHI :
Imithombo:  wikipedia.com.
Title Isihloko seheda, izingcaphuno, usonhlamvukazi, imibhalo egqamile, e-ithalic, isithombe se-sepia esifakiwe sisethwe nguBan Tu Thư - khadangwadia.com

BAN TU THƯ
6 / 2021

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