U-Lý Toét eMzini: Ukuza Nemibandela Nesimanje ngo-1930s iVietnam - Ingxenye 1

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IGEORGE DUTTON

UKUQALA

   Ukuvela kobuntatheli obudumile ngonyaka ka 1930s iVietnam yavumela ukuphawula okusha kwefomula ngempilo eguquliwe yasemadolobheni, phakathi kwabo I-Lé Toét, isakhamuzi esihlala sikhathazekile ngokuhlangana kwakhe nedolobha lemodemu. Lo mbhalo usebenzisa I-Lé Toét ikhathuni ezivele kumagazini wamasonto onke UPhong Hóa [Okuningi] njengewindi ekuboneni kwamadolobha maqondana nemodemu. Kuphakamisa ukuthi imifanekiso iveza ukubambelela okuthile maqondana nesimanje UPhong Hóaabahleli, ngaphandle kokuzibophezela kwabo okuthe xaxa kokusha nokwesimanje.

   The 1930sabona ukuguqulwa kwe Ubuntatheli baseVietnam, ushintsho oluboniswe kakhulu ngokuqhuma okuyiqiniso kwemithombo yokuphrinta entsha. Ngo-1936 kwaphela amaphephabhuku amasha angama-230 avela, isiphetho sokwanda okuqhubekayo kwaqala ngawo-1920s.¹ Ukushicilela okwandayo bekuyimpendulo yezinguquko eziningi ku Umphakathi waseVietnam, hhayi okuncane kunalokho okwakukhona inani labantu abahlala emadolobheni abanemali yokuthenga lezi zincwadi ezintsha, isikhathi sokuzifunda, kanye nolwazi lokufunda ngesimo esisha seVietnam, quốc ngữ. UDavid Marr ulinganise ukuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1930s kwaba cishe ama-Vietnamese ayi-1.8 million aseVietnam (mhlawumbe iningi labo lasemadolobheni) babesebenza ngokufunda nokubhala ku quốc ngữ.² Lo mphakathi omusha wokufunda ubumele izithameli ezingumongo wala maphephandaba, abumba isimo sasemadolobheni futhi nawo athonywa yilo. Phakathi kweminikelo evelele yomagazini abasha ukuthi babegcizelela umqondo wokuthi abaseVietnam babephila enkathini entsha neguquguqukayo, lapho inkathi edlule kanye "nesiko" kwakumehluke kakhulu kunanamuhla kanye "nesikhathi samanje."

    Enye yezethulo eziphawuleka kakhulu zalo mehluko kwakuwumlingiswa wekhathuni othobekile, isivakashi sasemakhaya edolobheni elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi I-Lé Toét. Ngomqondo omncane, lesi sibalo sasimele ukungqubuzana phakathi kokudala nokusha, futhi ngomqondo omkhulu wasebenza njengesithombe sesibuko esibuya umazisi waseVietnam osafufusa. Ngokuqondile, I-Lé Toét kwakungu-caricature we lý trưởng [induna yendawo yendabuko], i-archetype emele ini UPhilippe Papin ubize lo “mphathi omuhle” Marr ubonakale njengomdala wedolobhana ochazayo.³ Toét, okungenzeka uqale wavela njengomlingiswa kwezokuqhutshwa kwezinguquko [chèo cải lương] ekuqaleni kwawo-1930s, kwathathwa ifomu eliqhubekayo nelibonakalayo kwabezindaba zokuphrinta, ikakhulukazi kwiHà Nội masonto onke UPhong Hóa [Okuningi].⁴ Kwakunamakhasi we UPhong Hóa nalezo zokushicilelwa kodadewabo Ngày No [Lezi Izinsuku] lokho I-Lé Toét weza ukugqamisa Isakhamuzi saseVietnam elahlekile ekuhlaselweni kwezinguquko zasemadolobheni.

     Lesi sihloko sizodingida I-Lé Toét njengoba ebonakala ngaphakathi UPhong Hóa, uhlola izindlela asetshenziswe ngazo ukubonisa ukungqubuzana okwedlule nokwamanje, emaphandleni nokwasemadolobheni, kanye “isiko"Futhi"isimanje. ”Ekuhlangabezaneni kwakhe nempilo yasemadolobheni, I-Lé Toét kwembula ubunzima obuxakayo besimanje samadolobha. I-Lé Toét wayengumhlali ongafundile ozabalaza (kuvame ukungaphumeleli) ukuqonda usuku lwanamuhla, futhi uma bebuka ubunzima bakhe, abantu basemadolobheni bangazihalalisela ngokwabo, okuyinkimbinkimbi esekelwe olwazini nakumava I-Lé Toét akazange abe nayo. Nokho, ngasikhathi sinye, I-Lé ToétUkuhlangana kwakhe nokuphila kwasedolobheni kwembula ukugqama kwale nkathi entsha, kufaka phakathi izingozi zayo ezingokomzimba kanye nokusuka kwayo kaningi emaphethini asezingeni lokuphila kwansuku zonke.

     Ukufundwa kwami ​​okusondele kwe Lý ToéAmakhathuni aphakamisa ukuguqulwa okuthile ekuchazeni okwejwayelekile kwesimo sokubuka UPhong Hóa's iqembu lokuhlela, Iqembu Lokwazi Ukuzikhuthaza [Tự Lực Văn Đoàn]. Leli qembu, elisungulwe UNhất Linh futhi inani elincane lababhali abanomqondo ofanayo ngo-1934, lembula umbono wayo embhalweni onamaphuzu ayishumi owakhuluma ngokukhiqiza izincwadi zokucebisa izwe, futhi ngokwenza lokho ngesitayela esasifinyeleleka, siqondile, futhi sikuqonda kalula. Iphinde yamemezela ukuzibophezela kweqembu emzabalazweni ongazelele wentuthuko kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokwandisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi ngolwazi lwesayensi.⁵ Amalungu e-Self-Forcether Literary Group ajwayele ukubukwa yizazi-mlando zangemva kwesikhathi ngokuthi ama-romantics apolitical, ngombono othembisayo, noma njengabasekeli abangaguqukiyo besimanje, balingisa amafomu kepha hhayi umbono wobuchwepheshe obusha, ama-oda omphakathi, namasiko izimoto. Yize kunezinhloso ezishiwo iqembu ngokuqinile, ngiyasho ukuthi amaphephabhuku awo, ikakhulukazi UPhong Hóa, kuveze umbono oshaqisayo woshintsho olusheshayo olwenzeka kubo bonke ababazungezile. Njengoba ngizochaza ngezansi, ama-caricature ikakhulukazi awazange abeke kuphela ukugxeka "abuyela emuva," futhi abaphakamisanga uthando olubi. Amaqembu athi "ukulwela inqubekelaphambili," ngokwesibonelo, bekuphindaphindeka kukhiqizwa izindlela lapho okhathuni lwencwadi yalo luveza “inqubekelaphambili” njengenzuzo nokusongela. Kanjalo, Umoya I-Chemistry Kwakuyizinkomba zokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo zasemadolobheni okwakubhalwe ukuthi “ubuchwephesha” futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwaba nokuhlaziya okuvame ukuhlehlisa ukumenyezelwa okungathandeki kwe-Self-Forceth Literary Group.

    Isimanje ekubonisweni ku UPhong Hóa kumakwe inguquko esheshayo, ubuchwepheshe bendawo okwenziwa kuyo umphakathi, ukuguqulwa kokuxhumana komphakathi, kanye nokwenza indawo yedolobha uqobo. Kuveze “i-manje” ebuswa i-European ehlukaniswe phakathi, okungenani ngokuphelele, ne-Vietnamese ebukeka ibuyela emuva. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi abafundi baseVietnamese balezi zihloko babejwayelana negama elisanda kwenziwa elithi "modem" -yesimanje—Is akubonakali. Bangahle bahlangabezane nomqondo wokushintsha kwamagama mới ”no-“th, ”Zombili ezingase zihunyushwe ngokuthi"new. "⁶ Okucacayo nje ukuthi abantu basemadolobheni aseVietnam babazi ukuthi baphila ngezikhathi zoshintsho olukhulu lapho izindlela zokuxhumana nezokuhamba, kanye nokusebenzisana nokuxhumana kwakusho konke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekunomqondo onamandla wokuba kuhambo lwezinguquko lapho ukuphela okwakungaziwa. Abantu babenomuzwa wokuthi babambe iqhaza kulezi zinguquko, umuzwa ongabanjwa ngokuqine ngaphezu komphakathi wababhali nababhali bezimpawu ukufaka isandla kumaphephabhuku amasha avela phakathi kweminyaka yama-1930s.

… Qhubeka…

QAPHELA:

1. UDavid Marr, "Isifiso Somanje: Abangqondongqondo nabezindaba," ku I-Postwar Vietnam: Amandla eNhlangano Eguqukayo, ed. IHy V. Luong (Lanham, MD: Rowman naseLittlefield, 2003, 261.
2. UDavid Marr, Isiko saseVietnam Sokulinga: 1920-1945 (IBerkeley neLos Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), 34; futhi noMarr, “Isifiso Sokungqobeka,” 261. Ngokwokulinganisa kukaMarr, lesi sibalo kungenzeka sasimelele ukuphindwe kabili kwenani labantu baseVietnam abafundile abavela eminyakeni eyishumi nje edlule.
3. UMarr, "Isifiso Somanje," 261; UPhilippe Papin, "Ubani Onamandla Esigodini?" EVietnam Ukuveza: IScholarship yaseFrance ku-Twentieth-Century. Inhlangano yaseVietnam, ed. UGisclc L. Bousquet noPierre Brocheux (U-Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 29; UNeil Jamieson, uVietnam Oqondayo (IBerkeley neLos Angeles: University of California Press, 1993, 102.
4. UMaurice Durand noNguyen Tran Huan bathi uLý Toét wayengumsunguli wembongi uTú Mỡ futhi wathuthukiswa ngo-1927, isimangalo esinzima ukusisekela. Bona uMaurice Durand noNguyen Tran Huan, Isingeniso Kwezincwadi ZaseVietnam, trans. DM Hawke (ENew York: IColumbia University Press, 1985), 119. U-Lý Toét ubuye wavela kaningi ku UPhong Hóaiphephabhuku likadadewethu Ngày No [Lezi Zinsuku), kepha ngezinhloso zalendatshana ngizogxila kuphela kokuvela kwakhe phambilini.
5. Isitatimende esiphelele samaphuzu ayishumi seqembu asithola ku "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," UPhong Hóa, Mashi 2,1934, k. I-2.
6. Nguyễn Văn Ký, U-La Societe Vietnamienne ubhekene ne-A La Modemite: Le tonkin de la fin du XIXe siecle de la second guerre mondiale [I-Vietnamese Society Faces Modernity: Tonkin from the end of Nineteenth Century to the Second World War] (EParis: IL'Harmattan, 1995, 139.

(Source: Ijenali yezifundo zaseVietnam, Vol. 2. Ukukhishwa 1. ama-pps. 80-108. I-ISSN 1559-372X, i-ISSN 1559- 3758 ye-elekthronikhi. http: / Av \ vw.ucprcssjournals.coin / rcprintlnfo.asp.)

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