I-Viet-Nam, Impucuko Namasiko - ABACULI

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NguPIERRE HUARD¹
(Ilungu Elihloniphekile le-École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
kanye ne-DURAND DURAND²
(Ilungu le-École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Kubuyekezwe uhlelo lwesi-3 ngo-1998, I-Iprimerie Nationale Paris,

     Beside labo abazinikele ekuhlobiseni nasekugqokeni amasu (bheka izahluko XIV, XV, XVI), izingcweti zingahlukaniswa kanje :

1° Izingcweti ezisebenza ngensimbi (ama-tinmen, abasunguli be-bronze, ubucwebe, ama-nielists, ama-coins casters, abakhiqizi bezikhali);
2° Izingcweti ze-Ceramist (ababumba, abakhi bebumba, abakhi be-porcelain, abakhi bamathayela, abakhi bezitini);
3° Izingcweti ezisebenza ngokhuni (abahlanganyeli, abenzi bekhabhinethi, ababazi, abanyathelisi, abenzi bamaphepha, ababazi basolwandle, ababazi bezithombe);
4° Izingcweti ezenza imisebenzi yendwangu (abaluki bakakotini, ama-jute, abaluki be-ramie noma usilika, abenzi bakabhasikidi, abenzi beseyili, abakhi bezintambo, abenzi bepharasoli, abakhi bamacansi, abakhi bezikhwama, abakhiqizi-zimpumputhe, abakhi bezigqoko, abakhi bezingubo kanye nabenzi be-hammock);

5° Izingcweti ezisebenza ngesikhumba (abashuki nabakhi bezicathulo);
6° Izingcweti ze-Lacquerware;
7° Abaqophi bezinkuni namatshe;
8° Izingcweti ezisebenza ngamagobolondo, uphondo nophondo lwendlovu;
9° Izingcweti ezikhiqiza izinto zokukhulekela.

     A ingxenye enkulu yalezi zingcweti zaziyizisebenzi zamahhala. Kodwa i Inkantolo yaseHuế ayizange ihlukanise umdwebi kunengcweti futhi yaba nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi kahulumeni zangempela ezihlanganisa abafekethisi, abafakeli, abadwebi bezingubo zokugqoka, abadwebi bezithombe, ababazi bendlovu kanye nobucwebe.

     Vamathuluzi e-ietnamese alula, alula, awenza kalula, ajwayelene ngokuphelele nezinkinga umdwebi ohlakaniphile okufanele azixazulule ngokuba nesineke futhi angazami ukonga isikhathi sakhe.

      Sabasebenzi kanye namabhawodi bavame ukushintshwa ngamakhona ezinkuni. Amathuluzi asetshenziswa njengamanje yilawa: ama-lever, ama-trestles, ama-wedge ahlukanisa izinkuni, i-weding press, [Ikhasi 188] amasondo anamazinyo, i-axle-tree namasondo esitimela, amandla okusebenza kwamanzi (izigayo zamanzi, izigayo zerayisi), izinjini zomuntu ezinyakazayo, izinsimbi zokuhlwanyela, amasondo amancane namapiston (okwakubonakala sengathi imvelaphi ibuyela emuva kusiko lokwenziwa lwaseningizimu-mpumalanga lapho isiko lama-sino-Vietnamese laliyobe likhethekile ngokwalo).

     MU-ercier uzigcizelele kahle izici zala mathuluzi. Kodwa, asikude nokuba, kule ndaba, okulingana nayo URudolf Hummer waseChina emsebenzini.

     Cama-rafts ngesikhathi esifanayo angabahwebi. Thanda Roma kanye nabase-Europe basendulo, bagcina ama-akhawunti abo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izibalo zepeni noyinki. Izibalo ezinjalo zathathelwa indawo i-abacus yamaShayina. Isibaluli esisodwa ku I-Lương Thế Vinh (udokotela ngo-1463) umsebenzi we-arithmetical onesihloko esithi “I-Toán pháp đại thành" (Gcwalisa indlela yokubala) lokho bekungaba ukuguqulwa kwencwadi ngo Vũ Hũu, omunye wabantu besikhathi sakhe, elapha ngokusetshenziswa kwe-abacus. Abahwebi baseShayina basasebenzisa i-abacus, kodwa ozakwabo baseVietnam babonakala beyishiyile. UDespierres wenze ucwaningo lwakamuva ngakho.

    Sama-hop-signs kwesinye isikhathi akhombisa amagama abanikazi. Ngokuvamile zikhiqiza igama lokuhweba kuphela, elihlanganisa ezimbili, ngezinye izikhathi izinhlamvu ezintathu zesiShayina (noma imibhalo yabo yesiLatini) kubhekwa njengento enhle.

    Tyena uhlamvu xương (i-chinese transcription tch'ang) lokho kusho ukuthi “nobukhazikhazi"Futhi"ukuchuma” uyanikeza Vĩnh Phát Xương “impumelelo echumayo yaphakade” noma Mỹ Xương “ubuhle obukhangayo”. Amanye amagama okuhweba mhlawumbe Vạn Bảo (amatshe ayigugu ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi), Đại Hưng (ukukhula okukhulu), Quý Ký (uphawu oluhle) futhi Yên Thành (perfect peace).
A umkhuba ovamile phakathi kwabahwebi kwakuyi-đõt vía đốt van.

      Cama-lients angase abe nawo ngesikhathi esisodwa nge lanh or nge thốt (umphefumulo omuhle, inhliziyo ethandekayo), ngesinye isikhathi i nge xấu or vía dữ (imiphefumulo emibi, emibi). Uma inhliziyo yeklayenti lokuqala i kubi or dữ uphuma esitolo engathenganga lutho, ngemva kokuxoxisana okude, ngakho-ke, amakhasimende alandelayo angase amlingise.

     IEsimeni esinjalo, umnikazi wesitolo kufanele agweme inhlekelele ekusikeni nasekushiseni izingcezwana eziyisikhombisa zotshani besigqoko sakhe uma ikhasimende liyindoda, nezingcezu eziyisishiyagalolunye, uma iklayenti lingowesifazane. Ngaso leso sikhathi uphimisa la mazwi alandelayo:

             Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía thì đi.
         "Ngishisa imiphefumulo, ngishise indoda eqinile, umfazi ngenhliziyo enonya, ngifise ukuthi kusale imiphefumulo emihle kuhambe nemibi.. "

       Angenxa yaleyo nkolelo-ze, isikhathi ngasinye lapho beqala ukuhlinzwa, abaphangi basolwandle babulala umuntu wokuqala odlula ngendlela abahlangana naye.

lwezincwadi

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+ I-GB Glover. Amapuleti ezinhlamvu zemali zesiShayina, zika-Annamese, zaseJapane, zaseKorea, zezinhlamvu zemali ezisetshenziswa njengezigqizo zikahulumeni waseShayina kanye namanothi ayimfihlo. (Noronha and Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Ubuciko basendulo nesimanje kanye nezinkolo ze-Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Inkomfa yenziwe ngoDis. 29 e-Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
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+ A. Barbotin. Imboni yeziqhumane eTonquin, ku-Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, September–October 1913.

+ R. Orband. Ama-bronze wobuciko be-Minh Mạng, ku-BAVH, ngo-1914.
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+ U-Albert Durier. Umhlobiso wama-Annamese, eParis 1926.
+ UBeaucarnot (uClaude). Izakhi zobuchwepheshe be-Ceramic zokusetshenziswa kwezigaba ze-ceramic zezikole zobuciko e-Indochina, IHanoi, 1930.
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+ H. Gourdon. Art of Annam, eParis, ngo-1933.
+ Thân Trọng Khôi. Ukuphakamisa amasondo e-Quảng Nam kanye nama-paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, k. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias of Quảng Ngãi, ku-BAVH, ngo-1926.
+ Guilleminet. Amalungiselelo esisekelo sesoya ekudleni kuka-Annamese, ku-Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, ngo-1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Ukuchanyuselwa okwenziwa amaqanda edada e-Cochinchina, ku-Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.

[214]

+ URudolf P. Hummel. China emsebenzini, 1937.
+ Umusa, Amathuluzi ezingcweti zika-Annamese, ngo-BEFEO, ngo-1937.
+ I-RPY Laubie. Izithombe ezidumile e-Tonquin, ku-BAVH, ngo-1931.
+ P. Gourou. Imboni yedolobhana endaweni yaseTonquinese, inkongolo yamazwe ngamazwe yeJografi, 1938.

+ P. Gourou. Isihlahla se-anise saseShayina e-Tonquin (i-communiqué yezinsizakalo zezolimo eTonquin), 1938, p. 966.
+ Ch. I-Crevost. Izingxoxo ngamakilasi okusebenza eTonquin, 1939.
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+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Ubuso bomuntu ngobuciko be-annamese, ku-CEFEO, N°18, 1^st i-trimester ka-1939.

+ UHenri Bouchon. Izigaba zokusebenza zomdabu kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ehambisanayo, e-Indochine, 26 sept. 1940.
+ X… - UCharles Crevost. I-animator ye-tonquinese Working class, e-Indochine, Juni 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (izimboni ezisebenzayo), eRevue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ I-Passignat. Amakhosi-Iacquerers of Hanoi, ku-Indochine February 6, 1941.

+ I-Passignat. I-Lacquer, e-Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ I-Passignat. Ivory, e-Indochine, January 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Indlela yendabuko yama-Annamese: I-Woodcut, e-Indochine, Oct. 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi ogama lakhe lingu Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Uhlaka Lobuciko Be-Vietnamese), i-Hanoi, i-Thuỵ-ký printinghouse, ngo-1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Indatshana yobuciko buka-Annamese, IHanoi, 1944.
+ UPaul Boudet. Iphepha lika-Annamese, e-Indochine, Jan. 27 and Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Mạnh Quỳnh. Umsuka kanye nencazelo yezinkuni ezidumile ze-Tet, e-Indochine, Feb. 10, 1945.
+ Crevost et Petelot. Ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo yase-Indochina,uma VI. Ama-tannins nama-tinctorials (1941). [Amagama emikhiqizo yaseVietnam anikezwa].

+ Aug. Chevalier. Iqoqo lokuqala lezinkuni neminye imikhiqizo yehlathi laseTonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Amagama aseVietnam anikezwa).
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+ R. Bulteau. Amanothi okwenziwa kwezitsha zobumba esifundazweni sase-Bình Định, ku-BAVH, 1927, k. 149 kanye ne-184 (iqukethe uhlu oluhle lwezitsha zobumba ezihlukahlukene ze Hlanganisa kanye nezibalo zabo kanye namagama abo endawo).
+ Despierres. I-abacus yaseShayina, ngo-Sud-Est, ngo-1951.

AMANOTHI :
Umthombo: IConnaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Uhlelo olubukeziwe lwesithathu lwe-3, I-Iprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Translated by VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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