I-Viet-Nam, Impucuko Namasiko - I-TINSMITHS, COINS CASTERS, GOLDSMITHS kanye ne-SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FOUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

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NguPIERRE HUARD¹
(Ilungu Elihloniphekile le-École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
kanye ne-DURAND DURAND²
(Ilungu le-École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Kubuyekezwe uhlelo lwesi-3 ngo-1998, I-Iprimerie Nationale Paris,

      They wasebenza nge-tinplate, zinc kanye ne-tin. Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Occidentals, imboni yabo yayilinganiselwe ekwenzeni izigqoko ezincane ezikhuphukayo, izinkomishi zikawoyela ezisebenza njengezibani, amabhokisi aqukethe i-opium nezinye izitsha ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene. Ngemva kwalokho, kuthathe intuthuko enkulu. Ngesikhathi esebenza umkhandi wezinsimbi ongokwesiko uhlala ehlezi noma equmile, esebenzisa izandla nezinyawo ngamandla okuhlanganisa izinzwane ezimbili ezinkulu, noma uzwane olukhulu nozwane lwesibili, kwenza into ephilayo, ethambile futhi eqinile. Lokhu kuvumela ukwethula izinto ezisetshenziwe ngaphansi kwesigameko esifunwayo samathuluzi (ifayela, isando, umshayeli we-rivet) aphathwa ngezandla ezihlala zikhululekile. Ekugcineni, emsebenzini wokusika, igatsha likashekeli elingenakunyakaziswa lilungiswa ngozwane omkhulu, kuyilapho esinye sezandla ezimbili siqondisa igatsha elihambayo kanye nesinye [Ikhasi 190] siqondisa ishidi lensimbi okufanele lisikwe. Igama elithi "quặp” iveza umqondo wokubamba into phakathi kozwane lwesibili nozwane olukhulu. [Ikhasi 191]

AMA-CASTERS

[Ikhasi 191]  TIzinhlamvu zemali zokuqala nezinsimbi zegolide zaphonswa e-Hanoi ngu-Lưu Xuân Tín, ngokuvumelana nendlela yamaShayina (u-Tín wayehlala ngaphansi kwe-Lê Thánh Tôn okungukuthi maqondana ne-1461).
      TIzinhlamvu zemali zamanje ezibunjiwe futhi ezincibilikisiwe (kodwa ezingacushiwe) zaziqukethe inhlabathi eningi kakhulu exutshwe ne-zine.
        Tuchungechunge lokukhiqiza lumi kanje (bheka futhi ukwenziwa kwezinhlamvu zemali (sapèques) ku-Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Ukubunjwa kwesihlabathi;
2. Ukuhlanganiswa kweZinc;
3. Ukubunjwa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni;
4. Ukuhlunga izinhlamvu zemali ezingasebenziseka.

AMAGOLIDE kanye nama-SILVERSMITS

     Tabaxhasi babakhandi begolide yizelamani ezintathu u-Trần Hòa, Trần Điện no-Trần Điền abafunde ubuciko babo eShayina ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-6.

    A isifuba esincane esinamadrowa, aqukethe izinto eziyigugu kanye nezinto abasebenza kuzo, futhi aqedwe ngokushaya okuvundlile ngepiston (cái bễ) eyanele igolide nesiliva lendabuko. Ipayipi lombhobho eliphuma esifubeni litholwa emgodini ombiwe phansi. Izitini ezimbili nezingcezu ezimbalwa zamalahle zakha isithando somlilo. Isando sokhuni esihlome ngensimbi (búa và), amaphuzu aqoshiwe, amabhulokhi okhuni ambalwa kanye ne-anvil encane kuqedela lokhu kusebenza kobuchwepheshe. Ngaphandle kwezindandatho ezimbalwa (amasongo ayigugu noma izixhumanisi zamaketanga), kwakungekho ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezinkulu. Wonke amagugu enziwe ngamashidi esiliva noma egolide, aminyene kakhulu noma ngaphansi, asetshenzwa nge-repoussé, abunjiwe noma agxivizwe kalula kakhulu uma kubuzwa izinsimbi ezihlanzekile ngaphandle kwe-alloy. Ubucwebe begolide obucwilisiwe bucwiliswa esitsheni esibilisiwe nesigxilisiwe, kungaba yizimbali ze-sophora (yininoma i-tai chua pericarp (I-Garcinia pedunculata). Khona-ke, omunye uwagezisa okugeza okuyisibabule okushisa kakhulu. [Ikhasi 191]

I-TINMEN

      TUmxhasi oyindlalifa nguPhạm Ngọc Thành owethula indlela yamaShayina eNyakatho yeVietnam ngase-1518.
      [Ikhasi 192] Tizimbiza zerayisi zokupheka ezenziwe ngethusi elikhandwe ngesando, ezinamajika anekhono ashintshwayo, afakazela ubuciko obuhle, obuthakaselwa ongoti.

ABASEKELI ZETHUSI

     TUmlandeli wendlalifa ngu-bonze Khổng Lộ owafunda ukuncibilika kwethusi eShayina futhi wasakaza inqubo yayo eNyakatho yeVietnam ukuya ku-1226. Amathonya angaphandle angaphandle kufanele aphawulwe njengalawo kaJean de la Croix, i-portuguese hybreed, i-cannon-founder e-Huế (ikhulu le-18). Ukuncibilika kwe-wax okulahlekile bekulokhu kuhloniphekile. Isithombe se-Trần Vũ (i-pagoda ebizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi ye-Great Buddha e-Hanoi) kanye nama-dynastical urns ku-Huế akhombisa ubuhlakani babasunguli be-bronze base-vietnamese (bheka futhi i-Chochod, Izindlela zokusungula eziqashwe ku-Annam, ku-BEFEO, IX, 155).

IZIKHIWO

      SIsiko le-inoid liyayazi i-roller padlock kanye ne-spring-stud, evame ukuqashwa ukukhiya ifenisha enkulu. Ngosiko lwendabuko lwase-Vietnamese, i-padlock awaziwa futhi amasango ezindlu akhiywa ngokucindezela, kusetshenziswa imigoqo yokhuni.

lwezincwadi

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[214]

+ URudolf P. Hummel. China emsebenzini, 1937.
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+ Despierres. I-abacus yaseShayina, ngo-Sud-Est, ngo-1951.

AMANOTHI :
Umthombo: IConnaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Uhlelo olubukeziwe lwesithathu lwe-3, I-Iprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Translated by VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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