UKUFUNDA NGOKUGCWALISEKILE NAMALUNGU AMA-VIETNAM - Ingxenye 2
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HUNG NGUYEN MANH
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Izikole Nemithetho Yezobuciko Bokulwa
Ubuciko bempi baseVietnam yaseVietnam ithuthukiswe ngokusemthethweni ku izikole zobuciko bempi ekubuseni kobumbuso.
Ngakho-ke, uma izincwadi zazinendawo yokuqala efanele enkantolo yobukhosi, Umbukiso wezokulwa futhi yathuthukiswa ngokufana emlandweni weVietnam wempi nokuthula. Izimpi zenzeka njalo futhi ubuciko bempi babunqoba. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngisho nama-mandarine obuciko bokulwa angashintsha isikhungo sobukhosi. UTran Quoc Tuan wahlonishwa njengo IHung Dao Vuong. Wayengumbhali we-mandarin wobuciko hhayi nje waseVietnam kodwa futhi wezwe. Waqashelwa njenge insimu yemashi owaqeda isifiso sokuphatha umhlaba wobukhosi baseMongolia. Amaqhawe alokhu Ubukhosi baseMongolia angahlala futhi alale egibele ihhashi ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, njengabahlaseli abaphethe izikhali. Amaqhawe aletha iphupho lokuthi ElikaGenghis Khan, okwakungu “ngokuthola ilanga kuguqe phansi kwezinyawo zakhe”Lapho babefika phezulu emahhashini abo anamandla.
Isitayela sokuzikhukhumeza njengasenhla sakhiwa emlandweni wokuqala wabantu, njenge Umbuso wamaRoma, noma osindayo umbuso emlandweni wanamuhla futhi wesimanje, Umbuso wamaNazi, lapho umlando weVietnam wahlangabezana nakho.
Ngaphandle kwamasimu nelayisi, lapho umoya wokulwa wawukhanyiselwe khona ukuze uvukele ezimpini zakwamanye amazwe, babebaningi ubuqhawe. Sidinga ukusho ama-dynasties ahlukene ngeminikelo emikhulu ekwakheni izwe ngaphakathi kwethimba lezepolitiki lefilosofi yaseMpumalanga.
Ake sibheke isikhathi somlando Isikhundla sobukhosi bakwaNguyen. Ubuciko bempi baseVietnam bangenela a uhlelo lokuhleleka okuhlelekile ngemicimbi eminingi eyenzeka e INkosi Trinh Cuong inkathi.
- A isikole sobuciko bempi kwavulwa ngaphakathi 1721 (thngonyaka wesibili we-Bao Thai, inkathi ye-Le Trung Hung) futhi waqoka i-giao thu (ama-mandarin aphethe ezemfundo edolobheni).
- Kade bengu izivivinyo zobuciko bempi ngo-1723 (4th unyaka we-Bao Thai) futhi babanjwa njalo ngeminyaka emithathu (okufanayo nezivivinyo zezincwadi).
Ngokungafani nomphakathi wanamuhla wezimboni, Umphakathi we-Eastern feudal yesikhathi esidala ibingasebenzisi ukubhaliswa konyaka kodwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu ngeminyaka ehlukile ye izincwadi nobuciko bempi. Ngokuba Umbukiso wezokulwa, izivivinyo zahlelwa ngokulandelayo:
1. UThi Ngakho-ke cu (Ukuhlolwa kokuqashwa kwasendaweni): Kuhleliwe emadolobheni endawo eminyakeni ye Mouse, Ihhashi, Ikati, Inkukhu. Labo abadlula babezothola IsiTao si idiploma (efana ne-bachelor degree).
2. Th Bac cu (Ukuhlolwa Kokuqashwa Okuhle): Kuhlelwe enhlokodolobha ukuqasha iTao si (okufanayo nodokotela) eminyakeni Udrako, Inja, uBuffalo, Imbuzi. Unyaka wokuqala bekungunyaka kaGoat, 1724, ewadini yaseThinh Quang enabantu abalishumi nanye abathathwa njengabaphasile.
Ngesikhathi seminyaka engama-69 I-Le Trung Hung inkathi, kwakukhona izivivinyo eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye 199 nxa, phakathi kwabo obekungama-59 tao si xuat kune (ngesizinda sobuciko bempi) no-140 dong tao si xuat kune (okufanayo nesizinda sobuciko bempi).
Ngesikhathi Nguyen Dynasty, lo 18th Ngonyaka of Minh Mang (1837), bekunomthethonqubo omusha.
Umbusi kumemezela ukuthi "kuze kube manje izivivinyo zobuciko bempi azinayo imithetho.”Ngakho-ke, inkosi yamisa imiyalo yemincintiswano, eyayisengaphansi kwemithetho ye Umbuso.
Imincintiswano bekungeyabantu ababene-karate kanye nama-classics wezempi ezempi. Imincintiswano yayiqhutshwa njalo ngeminyaka emithathu ngeemviwo zobuciko bempi eziqanjwe ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwezincwadi: Th uwong (ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe) eminyakeni Ingwe, Inkawu, Inyoka, Ingulube; futhi thi hoi (ukuhlolwa kwedolobha) eminyakeni Udrako, Inja, uBuffalo, imbuzi.
Ikakhulu, kwabangu-6th ngonyaka ka I-Thieu Tri inkathi (1846), umbusi wavumela eyodwa a khoa (ukuhlolwa kokukhethekile) khoa thi Vo kinh (Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ezempi) for abaqokiwe ezifundazweni ezingama-31. Kwakunjalo nangeMibhalo uthi Dinh (ukuhlolwa kwenkantolo yasebukhosini).
Kwakunomehluko owodwa ku Nguyen ubukhosi kusuka Le Dynasty, okwakungokushiywa kohlolo lwethiyori (ama-classics ezempi) kanye nokugxila kuphela amasu wobuciko bempi. Mhlawumbe kusukela lapho, ubuciko bempi baseVietnam baletha "udlame" emqondweni womphakathi.
Bonke abavotelwa kufanele bangene ezivivinyweni ezintathu ngokulandelana: Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwaba Phakamisa izinsimbe ezisindayo. Ukuhlolwa kwesibili kwaba usebenzisa induku, isihlangu, futhi enza amafomu wobuciko bempi. Ukuhlolwa kwesithathu kwaba kusetshenziswa imaskandi.
Ukuhlolwa kwesithathu ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwalabo abangakwazanga ukuphumelela okubili kokuqala. Iningi labaqokiwe alikwazanga ukushaya ilitshe ngoba umaskandi wawunqatshelwe ngenkathi abalimali emadolobhaneni amancane bebengenazo izigceme ezifanele zokudubula.
Ngenhla yiseshini yokuqala yokuhlolwa kobuciko bempi ye Nguyen ubukhosi, ebibanjelwe enhlokodolobha ukuzobonga i-vo cu nhan degree (ubuhlakani bempi yobuciko). Ngo-1848, i unyaka wokuqala weTu Duc, imithetho yokuhlolwa yashintshwa. Abangenele ukhetho bebengazingeni zonke izivivinyo ezintathu ngokulandelana kepha ngamunye wabo. Uma behluleka kunoma yikuphi kwalokhu kokuthathu, bebengavunyelwe ukuthi bahlolwe eminye imikhakha.
In the unyaka wesithathu weTu Duc (1850), izinqubo zokuhlola zaguqulwa futhi. Abavakashi babehambela izivivinyo ezimbili zokuqala ngokulandelana. Uma bethola izikolo eziphakeme, bavunyelwe ukuthatha ukuhlolwa kwesithathu bese kubhekwa njengokudlula. Unyaka wokuqala kaTu Duc (1851), inkosi yamisa izivivinyo ezimbili, Hhayi bo futhi Vele thi, khona-ke uthi Dinh. Ukube ama-ukhetho abenawo ulwazi lobuciko bempi, bakwazi ukubhalisa nxa vo (ukuhlolwa kwe-bachelor karate). Uma bengafundile kepha bephumelela ukuhlolwa kwethiyori, bekubhekwa isigaba sesibili kuphela. Uma ngabe babhalisiwe, abantu abazobhalisela ukhetho bazoba ne ukuhlolwa komlomo nge imibuzo emihlanu on Izincwadi ezine, Mil Mil Classics kanye nemibhalo ebhalwe ojenene abadumile esikhathini esedlule nesamanje. Uma bebengaphendula kahle, bebevunyelwe ukuthatha uthi din. Umklomelo walaba bantu okhethwe kwaba yi-yen yen yen (umusa wombusi) futhi wanika ihhashi vinh quy bai ukuze (ukubuyela ekhaya ukuzobonga amadlozi ngemuva kokuthola ukuhlonishwa ngezifundo) (Umfanekiso we-4), okufanayo nezincwadi thi dinh. Kwakukhona umdwebo kaHenri Oger ngonyaka ka-1908-1909 echaza ngodokotela ngendlela ekhethekile ngesikhathi Nguyen Ubukhosi. Lapha, umdwebo awukhombisi isithombe "Ngựa ông đi trước, võng nường theo sau"(umakoti osemncane wayegibele i-palandquin eyandulelwa ngumyeni wakhe egibele ihhashi).
Siyasazi isithombe sika odokotela ukuhlala ekhaya ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, lapho izwe le China baqala ukuncipha ngakho banikezwa kuphela ifulegi, ibhodi, ihhashi, neparasol.
Indawo yokuhlolwa
Indawo yokuhlolwa yayiyindawo engenamuntu, izungezwe uthango lwe-bamboo; kwakukhona izindlu zokuqapha ezinefulegi emagumbini amane; ngaphandle kwakuyizinti ze-bamboo ezibukhali ukuvimbela ukungena.
Indawo yokuhlola ihlukaniswe yaba yizindawo ezine ezibalulekile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-vi (indawo engaphansi) enamagama amane ahlukene amakhono: i-tri, indle, i-tai, i-luc [trí, dũng, tài, isib] (ukuhlakanipha, isibindi, amandla, amandla). Ngaphambi kwe-vi ngayinye kwakuyindlwana enamamitha amathathu ukuphakama futhi inezibhamu. Izindlu zokuqapha zazinezindlwana zokubheka zonke izindawo ezihlolwa. Ngezansi kwakuyizinto zokubamba abazothatha izintambo zokuphumula. Asisiboni isithombe sezindlu zomxhaso ezivivinyweni zempi yemashi okwamanje kodwa uH. Oger wasikhombisa itende lokuhlolwa kwezivivinyo zezincwadi (Umfanekiso 5).
Ekugcineni, i into efanayo [uthi hương] (ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe) wabanjwa ukukhetha inani elanele labalingisi bezobuciko bempi.
Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kuphela abantu ababhalisele ukhetho i-tao si [thạo sĩ] isihloko ngakho umbusi akakwazanga ukubamba thi hoi [uthi hội] (ukuhlolwa kwedolobha). Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwabanjelwa enhlokodolobha Hue [Hue] kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abengekho amajaji anele okugada izivivinyo. Futhi, ezinye zazo zazinomoya wehlelo. Kungakho-ke IsiTao si [Tạo sĩ] Ukuhlolwa kwakungeyenzalo yasebukhosini kuphela. In Binh Dinh [Hlanganisa] futhi Hanoi [Hà Nội], kwakungekho uhlu lwe i-tao si [thạo sĩ].
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-thi hoi ayikwazanga ukubanjwa. Binh Dinh [Hlanganisa] waduma ngesihloko sesikole sobuciko bempi kuh nga [cử nhân], i-tao si [thạo sĩ].
Thi hoi [Ngi thi] kwakufana nokuthi into efanayo [uthi hương] kodwa ngezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, amakhilogremu angama-66 e-thi huong nama-kilogram angama-72 thi hoi [uthi hội]. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ibanga lokufakwa kwesisindo ku-thi huong lalingamamitha angama-64 namamitha angama-80 thi hoi [uthi hội].
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BAN TU THU
12 / 2019
BONA FUTHI:
◊ UKUFUNDA NGOKUGCWALISEKILE NAMALUNGU AMA-VIETNAM - Ingxenye 1
◊ UKUFUNDA NGOKUGCWALISEKILE NAMALUNGU AMA-VIETNAM - Ingxenye 3