UMBHALO omfushane WOKUGCINA NGOKUKHENZA - Isigaba 1

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UDonny Trương¹
Isikole Sobuciko eGeorge Mason University

ISINGENISO

    Inhloso yami yohlobo lokuqala kwakuwukucebisa Ukuthayipha kwaseVietnam. Ishicilelwe ngoNovemba 2015 njengethisisi lami lokugcina le-master of art in design graphic kusuka Isikole Sobuciko eGeorge Mason University, le ncwadi ibisibe isiqondisi esibalulekile sokuqamba Ama-diacritics ase-Vietnamese.

     Abaqambi bezinhlobo eziningi basebenzise le ncwadi ukubasiza baqonde izici ezihlukile zokubhala ngesiVietnam. Bafunde imininingwane ecashile kanye nemisindo ye Uhlelo lokubhala lweVietnam noma bengakhulumi noma bebhala ulimi. Njengomphumela, bathola ukuzethemba okwengeziwe ekuklameni imidwebo yolimi, ebamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekufundeni nasekufundeni kwe Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese.

    Amamaki wokudidiyela ayizinkomba eziqondisa abafundi ukuqonda izincazelo zamagama athile. Ngaphandle kwama-accents acacile futhi afanele, ukuhamba kombhalo kungahlanzwa futhi kuphazamiseke. Ngaphandle kwabo, ukuxhumana okubhaliwe kuhlanekezelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo yangempela yombhalo iyavezwa.

    Kusukela kukhishwe le ncwadi, bengiluleka abakhi bezinhlobo ekwandiseni izinhlobo zabo zokubhala ukusekela iVietnam. Ekusebenzisaneni nabo, ngathola ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngezinkinga nokudideka ababebhekene nakho. Anginalutho ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle nokusekelayo ngokusebenza nabo. Ngikuthokozela ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa abakunikele ekwakheni amamaki abonisa izimpawu zobudoda zaseVietnam.

    Ukukhombisa ukuthokoza kwami ​​kumphakathi wohlobo, ngabuyekeza futhi ngakhulisa uhlelo lwesibili ukuze nginikeze imininingwane ewusizo, nginikeze ngemifanekiso eminingi, futhi ngifaka ezinye izinhlobo ezisekelwa iVietnam.

UMLANDO

    Kusukela 207 BC kuya I-939 AD, ukubusa kwamakhosi amaningi amaShayina ayenethonya elikhulu kusiko nasezincwadi zaseVietnam. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhulu Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese lalotshwe ngaphakathi I-Classical Chinese (chữ uNho) ngaphambi kokukhula komdabu Umbhalo waseVietnam (chô Nôm) kanye nokwamukelwa kwe Izinhlamvu zesiLatini (Quốc ngữ)².

CHỮ NHO

   Ngaphansi kokulawulwa amaShayina ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, imibhalo kahulumeni waseVietnam yabhalwa ngamaphepha ama-Chinese abizwa chữ Nho (umbhalo wezazi), okubizwa nangokuthi chữ Tuben (Isikripthi seHan). Ngisho nangemva kokuba iVietnam imemezele inkululeko yayo ngonyaka ka-939, chữ Nho kwakuwulimi olujwayelekile olubhaliwe emaphepheni asemthethweni kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Chữ Nho isasetshenziswa nanamuhla kumabhanela we-calligraphic emicimbini yendabuko efana nemikhosi, imingcwabo, unyaka omusha weLunar (Ttt), kanye nemishado. Noma chữ Nho wayehlonishwa kakhulu — ngoba chữ Nho ukufunda nokubhala kwakuyisihluthulelo samandla, ingcebo nodumo — izazi zaseVietnam zafuna ukuthuthukisa ezazo izindlela zokubhala ezazibizwa chữ Nôm³.

CHỮ QuỐC NGỮ

    The Romanization of Uhlelo lokubhala lweVietnam kwaqala ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka lapho izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKatolika zidinga ukubhala imibhalo yabaphendukeli abasha. Njengoba chữ Nôm yayisetshenziswa kuphela ngabantu abaphakeme nabanelungelo, izithunywa zevangeli zazifuna ukwethula umbhalo wenkolo kubantu abaningi, kufaka phakathi abantu abasezingeni eliphansi ababengeke bakwazi ukufunda INôm imibono.

     In 1624, IsiFulentshi ongumJesuit futhi Umlobi wesichazamazwi I-Alexandre de Rhode waqala umsebenzi wakhe eCochchinina lapho ahlangana khona namaJesuit angamaPutukezi UFrancisco de Pina futhi wafunda isiVietnam ngejubane elimangazayo. Zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha, iRhodes yayilwazi kahle lolu limi. Ngeshwa, uPina washona endaweni yomkhumbi e-Đà Nẵng ngonyaka olandelayo. URhode uqhubekile nomsebenzi wakhe futhi wachitha iminyaka eyishumi nambili elalele abantu bendawo.

   In 1651, ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha eshiye iVietnam, kwasakazwa iRhode I-Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum futhi ILinguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Declaratio. Yize izincwadi zakhe zibeka isisekelo salokhu Quốc ngữ (ulimi lukazwelonke), IRhode bekungeyena umqali wokuqala wamaRoma. Imisebenzi yakhe ibisuselwa kunqubo kaPina, eyayigqugquzelwa uhlelo lokubhala lukaBaba João Rodrigues wamaRoma waseVietnam. Ukusungulwa kukaBaba uRodrigues kwaqanjwa futhi kwenziwa ngcono yiJesuit yasePortugal IGasparpar do Amaral, IsiPutukezi uJesuit U-Antonio Barbosa, neJesuit yesiFulentshi I-Alexandre de Rhode.⁵

    In 1773, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 kamuva, amaJesuit aseFrance UPierre-Joseph-Georges Pigneau de Béhaine eshicilelwe I-Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum ngesi-Latin, INôm iskripthi, futhi Quốc ngữ, e 1838, UMbhishobhi UJean-Louis Taberd kulandelwe I-Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, ebisuselwa emsebenzini kaPigneau de Béhaine. Enye yezindlela zokuqala zokwamukela uhlelo olusha lweVietnam olwalwenziwa UPhilipphê Bỉnh, umfundisi waseVietnam owayehlala ePortugal. Eminyakeni yakhe engamashumi amathathu ePortugal, uBỉnh wayelobe izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili nanye kuzo Quốc ngữ. Ukubhala kwakhe kwakukhombisa lokho Quốc ngữ zase ziqale ukwakheka.

    Ngokungafani chữ Nôm, eyayidinga ukutadisha kakhulu nokwenza umkhuba wokufunda kahle, uhlelo olusha olwalususelwa esiLatini lwaluqondile, lungeneka futhi lufinyeleleka. Abantu baseVietnam bangafunda ukufunda nokubhala izilimi zabo emasontweni ambalwa esikhundleni seminyaka. Noma kunjalo Quốc ngữ yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala kubantu abaningi, akuzange kube uhlelo olusemthethweni lokubhala kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni waseFrance (1864-1945).

     Ukukhuphuka kohlelo lokubhala olususelwa eLatini kwavula umnyango wezemfundo nokuphrinta. UGia Định Báo (嘉定 報), the iphephandaba lokuqala eVietnam, kushicilelwe uhlelo lwayo lokuqala Quốc ngữ ngo-Ephreli 15, 1865. Ngaphansi kukaMqondisi Trương Vĩnh Ký kanye noMhleli-Oyinhloko Huỳnh Tịnh Của, UGia Định Báo wadlala indima ebalulekile ukukhuthaza abantu baseVietnam ukuba batadishe Quốc ngữ. UTrương Vĩnh Ký ubhale izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-118 ezisukela ocwaningweni ukuya ekubhaleni ukuze ahumushe. Ngo-1895, UGia Định Báo ukhiphe uHuỳnh Tịnh Của's Đại Nam quốc ng?, isichazamazwi sokuqala esabhalwa isazi saseVietnam sabantu baseVietnam.

     In 1907, Izazi zaseVietnam ezifana I-Lương Văn Can, Nguyễn Quyền, Futhi UDương Bá Trạc ivuliwe Đông Kinh nghĩa thục, isikhungo samahhala sokufunda eHá Nội ukusiza ukuqhubekisela phambili izwe. Ekuboneni inzuzo ye Quốc ngữ, okwakulula ukufunda nokubhala, isikole sasebenzisa uhlelo lokubhala lwamaRoma ukushicilela izincwadi, izincwadi zemibhalo kanye namaphephandaba (Đăng cổ Tùng báo futhi Đại Việt Tân báo).

     Cishe ngasikhathi sinye ngo-1907, Intatheli Nguyen Van Vinh yavula inkampani yokuqala yokushicilela futhi yashicilela iphephandaba elizimele lokuqala elibizwa Đăng cổ tùng báo eHá Nội. Ngo-1913, washicilela Đông dhuiơ Tạp chí ukusabalalisa Quốc ngữ. Bobabili uNiuynn Văn Vĩnh noTrương Vĩnh Ký baziwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu bamaphephandaba aseVietnam.

     Kusukela 1917 kuya 1934, Umbhali I-Phạm Quỳnh wafaka izindatshana eziningi ezibalulekile ezincwadini nefilosofi ekushicilelweni kwakhe akubizwa I-Nam Phong tạp chí. Ubuye wahumushela nezincwadi eziningi zemibhalo yesiFrance phakathi Quốc ngữ.

     In 1933, ukwakhiwa kwe Tự Lực Văn Đoàn (Iqembu Lezincwadi Zokuzithemba) waqhosha ushintsho olukhulu esimweni sokubhala saseVietnam. Izazi zeqembu, ezakhiwa UNhất Linh, Khái Hưng, Zodiac, I-Thạch Lam, Tú Mỡ, Thế Lữ, Futhi Xuan Dieu, kudumile Quốc ngữ ngokubhala kwabo okucacile, okulula kwaseVietnam. Beshicilele amaphephandaba amabili amaviki (Phong hóa futhi Ngeke), izinkondlo zesimanje, namanoveli ngaphandle kokuncika embhalweni wasendulo waseChinese.

    Yize izithunywa zevangeli zaseFrance nezasePortugal ziqale uhlelo lokubhala lwamaRoma, izintatheli zaseVietnam, izimbongi, izifundiswa kanye nababhali bathuthuka, bathuthuka futhi benza Quốc ngữ ohlelweni lokubhala oluqinile, oluhle, oluhle. Namuhla, Quốc ngữ, obeye aziwe njengo chữ phổ thông (umbhalo ojwayelekile), yi-orthography esemthethweni yaseVietnam⁶.

… Iyaqhubeka esigabeni 2…

BAN TU THU
01 / 2020

QAPHELA:
1: Mayelana nomlobi: UDonny Trương ungumqambi onothando lokuthayipha kanye newebhu. Uthole inkosi yakhe yezobuciko ngemidwebo egqamile eSikoleni Sobuciko eGeorge Mason University. Ungumbhali futhi Ukuthayipha kweWebhu yochwepheshe.
Words Amagama agqamile nemifanekiso ye-sepia isethwe nguBan Tu Thu - khadangwadia.com

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