ILIMI le-VIETNAMESE labaVietnam kanye nabaPhesheya - Isingeniso - Isigaba 1
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Isingeniso
The Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese ulimi olukhulayo lwabantu baseVietnam futhi i Ulwimi lasekhaya of Abantu baseViet (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi iKinh, iqembu lobuhlanga elikhulu eVietnam). Ukwakheka kolimi olujwayelekile olusetshenziswa yibo bonke abantu kungumsebenzi onzima ngenxa yokwehluka kwezilimi nezindlela zokuqamba. Vietnamese kusekelwe kuma-syllable anomculo ogqamile kanye nohlobo lokugcizelela. I-Accent unendima ebalulekile okufanele ayidlalile ekusizeni ukuhlukanisa kanye nokuthola okushiwo amazwi. Kukhona nama-accents amaningi ku Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese, phakathi okuvame kakhulu futhi kuyintandokazi kuyo eseNingizimu. Le ndlela yokubhala ibukeka sengathi ihlukile kunalena ejwayelekile njengoba ukuphinyiselwa kwayo kususelwa kakhulu kulomsindo oyinhloko wokunganaki kwesitatimende esijwayelekile kanye nohlelo lolimi. Vietnamese a ulimi lwe-monosyllabic ngomsindo ngamunye oveziwe ophuma nencazelo ethile. Futhi, inikeza ngamabili amabanga angenakubalwa kwamagama ahlanganisiwe, aqukethe imisindo engu-2, 3 noma imisindo eyodwa eyakhiwe.
The Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese isenziwe futhi yathuthukiswa amakhulu eminyaka manje. Amadokhumenti wesikhathi sokudonswa kwabasendulo ayesebenzisa isiShayina hhayi isikhathi sokuzalwa kuka Igama [INôm] (Isikripthi sedemokhrasi) ulimi ngekhulu le-14 lwalusetshenziswa ekukhulumeni nasekubhaleni, ikakhulukazi ekubumbeni izincwadi. Ngekhulu le-17, Vietnamese noma okungukuthi ulimi lwesizwe lwaba khona. Umsuka wayo uhlobene kakhulu nabasakazi bamaPutukezi, abaseSpain, base-Italy nabaseFrance abasebenza emazweni aseNingizimu East Asia.
Labo basungula umbhalo omusha wokubhala njengendlela yokuchaza Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese. Aba negalelo elibonakalayo ekwakhekeni nasekufundeni isiVietnam ngaleso sikhathi kwakungu-vicar waseFrance okuthiwa I-Alexandre de Rhode1 ngokushicilelwa kwakhe kwesinye isichazamazwi sokuqala nohlelo lolimi lwaseVietnam olubizwa ngokuthi iVietnamese-isiPutukezi-Latin Dictionary. Ekuqaleni, Vietnamese yayisetshenziselwa injongo yokusabalalisa kepha yasakazwa ngokusemthethweni lapho abantu baseFrance babeka umbuso wabo wobukoloni eVietnam. Kokunye okufakiwe, Vietnamese kwasekuqaleni kwakungamathuluzi wokubusa ama-colonists, kepha-ke, ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwawo, Vietnamese waqala ukuthandwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwalo lwe-alfabhethi okulula ukulunikeza nolunhlanganisela lwenza ukuthi ikwazi ukunqoba noma yikuphi ukugxekwa.2, 3
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, noma ngaphansi okuvamile Việt ngữ) yiyona kazwelonke futhi ulimi olusemthethweni waseVietnam. Ulimi lwebele lwe 86% labantu baseVietnam, futhi abangaba yizigidi ezintathu baseVietnam baphesheya kwezilwandle. Kukhulunywa futhi njengolimi lwesibili yizinhlanga eziningi zaseVietnam. Kuyingxenye ye- Umndeni wolimi wase-Austroasiatic4, enezikhulumi eziningi ngomugqa obalulekile (ezikhudlwana izikhathi eziningana kunezinye izilimi zase-Austroasiatic zihlanganisiwe). Okuningi Silulumagama saseVietnam ibolekwe ngesiShayina, futhi yayibhalwe phansi kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokubhala lwesiShayina, yize yayilungiswa ngendlela eguquliwe futhi yabizwa njengolimi lwendawo. Njengokususwa kombuso wamakoloni waseFrance, ulimi lukhombisa ithonya elithile elivela kuFrance, kanye Uhlelo lokubhala lweVietnam (quốc ngữ) iyasetshenziswa namuhla inguqulo eguquliwe ye Izinhlamvu zesiLatini, nge-diacritics eyengeziwe yamathoni nezinhlamvu ezithile.
Njengoba i ulimi lukazwelonke iningi lesizwe, Vietnamese lukhulunywa kulo lonke elaseVietnam Abantu baseVietnam, kanye nangokobuncane bezinhlanga. Kukhulunywa futhi nasemiphakathini yaseVietnam yaphesheya kwezilwandle, ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho inezikhulumi ezingaphezu kwesigidi futhi ilulimi lwesikhombisa olukhulunywa kakhulu (Kungo-3 e-Texas, e-4 e-Arkansas nase-Louisiana, kwathi e-5 e-California). E-Australia, lulimi lwesithupha olukhulunywa phambili.
Ngokusho kwe-Ethnologue, Vietnamese kukhulunywa futhi ngamanani amakhulu abantu eCambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, the Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Senegal, ITaiwan, iThailand, i-United Kingdom, neVanuatu.
"Ekuqaleni, njengoba isiVietnam sinemisindo futhi sabelana ngamagama amakhulu namaShayina, yahlanganiswa yaba yiSino-Tibetan”. Kamuva, kwatholakala ukuthi amathoni Vietnamese uvele muva nje (U-André-Georges Haudricourt-1954)5 nesilulumagama samaShayina esifana nesakho sibolekwe kwaHan Chinese phakathi nomlando wabo owabiwe (1992); lezi zici ezimbili zazingahlobene nomsuka weVietnam. Vietnamese wabe esehlukaniswa ngeKam-Tai subfamily ye I-Daic kanye noZhuang (kufaka phakathi uNùng noTày eNyakatho neVietnam) nesiThai, ngemuva kokususa amathonya aseChina. Noma kunjalo, i Izici zikaDaic zazibolekwe futhi Zhuang emlandweni wabo omude wokuba ngomakhelwane (U-André-Georges Haudricourt), hhayi izici zoqobo zaseVietnam. Ekugcineni, Vietnamese yahlukaniswa I-Austroasiatic umndeni wezilimi4, lo I-Mon-Khmer umndeni omncane, I-Viet-Moung igatsha (1992) ngemuva kokwenziwa izifundo eziningi. UKinh yisibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke eVietnam. Ngokocwaningo lweFudan University lwango-2006, kungokwalabo I-Mon-Khmer ngokwezilimi, kepha alikho igama lokugcina ngemvelaphi yalo.
UHenri Maspero6 igcinwe i Ulimi lwaseVietnam of Isi-Thai-Imvelaphi, nobaba uMfu I-Souvignet ukulandelelwa kuye Indo-Mala iqembu. AG Haudricourt5 wayekade ephikisa umcabango weMaspero6 futhi waphetha ngokuthi iVietnam ibekwe kahle emndenini wase-Austroasiatic. Ayikho kulezi zinkolelo echaza imvelaphi ye Ulimi lwesi-Vietnamese. Nokho, into eyodwa ihlala iqinisekile: isiVietnam akuyona ulimi oluhlanzekile. Kubukeka njengokuhlanganiswa kwezilimi eziningana, zasendulo nezanamuhla, okuhlangana nazo kuwo wonke umlando kulandela ukuxhumana okulandelanayo phakathi kwabantu bezinye izizwe nabantu baseVietnam.
Ngenkathi kukhulunywa ngabakwa Abantu baseVietnam okweminyaka eyikhulu, ebhaliwe Vietnamese aluzange lube lulimi olusemthethweni lokuphatha lwaseVietnam kuze kube sekhulu lama-20. Ngomlando wayo omningi, inhlangano eseyaziwa ngokuthi iVietnam yayisebenzisa isiShayina sangempela esibhaliwe. Nokho, ngekhulu le-13 izwe lasungulwa Chữ nôm, uhlelo lokubhala lusebenzisa izinhlamvu zamaShayina ezinezinto zephonetic ukuze zivumelane kangcono namathoni ahlotshaniswa nolimi lwaseVietnam. Chữ nôm kwafakazelwa ukuthi usebenza kahle kakhulu kunabalingiswa besiShayina bakudala ukuthi wawusetshenziswa kakhulu ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwezinkondlo nezincwadi. Chữ nôm isetshenziselwe izinjongo zokuphatha phakathi kwafushane Hồ futhi I-Tây Sơn Dynasties7. Ngesikhathi wobukoloni baseFrance, amaFulentshi afaka amaShayina esikhundleni sokuphatha. Kwakungaze kube lapho inkululeko evela eFrance lapho isiVietnam sasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Kulu limi lokufundiswa ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi futhi kuwulimi lwebhizinisi elisemthethweni.
Njengamanye amazwe amaningi ase-Asia, ngenxa yobudlelwano obusondelene neChina iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, iningi le Vietnamese i-lexicon eziphathelene nesayensi nezepolitiki kuthathwe eChina. Okungenani ama-60% wesitoko se-lexical sinezimpande zaseChinese, okungahlanganisi nokubolekwa kwamagama okuvela eChina, yize amagama amaningi ahlanganisiwe enziwe abomdabu Amagama esiVietnam kuhlanganiswe nokubolekwa kwamaShayina. Umuntu angahlukanisa phakathi kwegama lomdabu laseVietnam nelokubolekwa kwamaShayina uma lingaphinda lenziwa kabusha noma incazelo yalo lingaguquki lapho ithoni ligudluzwa. Ngenxa yokuhlala kweFrance, isiVietnam selokhu amagama amaningi abolekwe kuso Ulimi lwesiFulentshi, Ngokwesibonelo ikhofi (kusuka kwisiFulentshi ikhofi). Kulezi zinsuku, amagama amaningi amasha ayangezwa kwisichazamazwi solimi ngenxa yethonya elinzima lamasiko aseNtshonalanga; lezi zivame ukubolekwa esiNgisini, isibonelo TV (yize kuvame ukubonwa ngendlela ebhalwe ngayo njengoba ithivi). Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu okubolekayo kungama-calories ahunyushwe ngokoqobo kwisi-Vietnamese (isibonelo, isoftware ibanjwa ibe yi-phần mềm, okusho ukuthi ngokwezwi nezwi “ingxenye ethambile”).8
… Qhubeka esigabeni 2…
BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊ ULIMI LWE-VIETNAMESE lwabaseVietnam nabangaphandle - i-Vietnamese Alphabet - Isigaba 2
◊ ULIMI LWE-VIETNAMESE lwabaseVietnam nabangaphandle - Ongwaqa baseVietnam - Isigaba 3
◊ ILIMI le-VIETNAMESE labaVietnam kanye nabaPhesheya - Amathoni weVietnam - Isigaba 4
◊ ULIMI LWE-VIETNAMESE lwabaseVietnam nabangaphandle - Ongwaqa baseVietnam - Isigaba 5
AMANOTHI:
1 I-Alexandre de Rhodes, SJ [15 March 1591 e-Avignon, ePapa States (manje eseFrance) - 5 Novemba 1660 e-Isfahan, ePersia] wayengumvangeli wase-Avignonese ongumJesuit nomlobi wezichazamazwi owaba nethonya elihlala njalo ebuKristwini eVietnam. Ubhale i- I-Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, isichazamazwi sokuqala sezilimi ezintathu zeVietnam-Portuguese-Latin-Latin, esanyatheliswa eRome, ngo-1651.
2 Umthombo: ILac Viet Computing Corporation.
3 Umthombo: IRD New Tech.
4 Izilimi zase-Austroasiatic, ezaziwa nangokuthi i-Mon – Khmer, ziwumndeni omkhulu wolimi lwase-Mainland Southeast Asia, nazo ezihlakazeke kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-India, Bangladesh, Nepal naseningizimu neChina. Kunezikhulumi ezizungeze i-117 million zezilimi zase-Austroasiatic. Kulezi zilimi, yiVietnam, Khmer neMon kuphela abanomlando osuqopheke isikhathi eside futhi yiVietnam neKhmer kuphela abanezimo ezisemthethweni njengezilimi zesimanje zikazwelonkeeVietnam naseCambodia, ngokulandelana).
5 U-André-Georges Haudricourt (Januwari 17, 1911 eParis - Agasti 20, 1996 eParis) wayengusosayensi wezitshalo waseFrance, isazi semvelo nesazi sezilimi.
6 UHenri Paul Gaston Maspero (15 Disemba 1883 eParis - 17 Mashi 1945 ekamu lokuhlushwa laseBuchenwald, eWeimar Nazi Germany) wayengudokotela wesono waseFrance kanye noprofesa owanikela ezihlokweni ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene ne-East Asia. UMaspero waziwa kakhulu ngezifundo zakhe zokuphayona zeDaoism. Waboshwa ngamaNazi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi washonela ekamu lokuhlushwa laseBuchenwald.
7 Igama Tây Sơn (Nhà Tây Sơn 家 西山) isetshenziswa emlandweni waseVietnam ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukubhekisa esikhathini sokuhlubuka kwabalimi kanye namakhosi asezingeni eliphansi asungulwa phakathi kokuphela kobukhosi bobukhosi bakwaLê ngo-1770 nokuqala kobukhosi bakwaNguyễn ngo-1802. Igama labaholi babavukeli ' isifunda sasekhaya, uTây Sơn, sazosetshenziswa kubaholi uqobo (abafowethu bakaTây Sơn: ie, Nguyễn Nhạc, Huệ, noLữ), ukuvukela kwabo (Ukuvukela kweTây Sơn) noma umthetho wabo (the [Nguyễn] Tây Sơn ubukhosi).
8 Umthombo: I-Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
◊ Unhlokweni isithombe - Umthombo: vi.wikipedia.org
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BAN TU THU
02 / 2020