I-PREDOMINANCE yeCONFUCIANISM ngekhulu le-15

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USolwazi TAN, HA VAN

    Ngaphansi I-Tran¹, ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-14, AmaConfucianists ehlaselwa Lokhu Buddhism ngokungaphezi. Ngokuqala kwe Le², I-Confucianism yaqala ukuvelela yaba yimibono evamile yesigaba esibusayo. Kwakuyitshe legumbi kuzo zonke izikhungo zezepolitiki nezenhlalo.

   Uhlobo lwe I-Confucianism okunomthelela Inkantolo ye-Le futhi ubumnene bebonke babungu Iculo ishosha izinhlobonhlobo ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Neo-Confucianism. Bekubonakaliswa ngemibono egqugquzelwa yi UCheng Hao, UCheng Yi futhi UZhu Xi. Ama-Neo-Confucianists bebenentshisekelo ngezigaba ze-ontological ezifana li (umoya noma umthetho) futhi qi (impahla), abaphendukela kulo ngokungaguquki lapho bechaza ubudlelwane bomphakathi nokuziphatha. Baxhuma li, noma “igunya lezulu”Ukuvikela inhlalo ekhona
oda.

    AmaConfucianists aseVietnam, phakathi kwazo Ngo Si Lien³, Umbhali we I-Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu or Qeda Umlando weGreat Viet, bathonywa kakhulu i I-Neo-Confucianist imfundiso. Inkosi Le Thanh Tong², ngamazwi omunye uConfucianist, Yenza uNhuan⁴, wayewazi kahle umbono wokuthi li. Iminikelo yamavoti yayenziwa kabili ngonyaka, entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ukuze Confucius⁵ labafundi bakhe abalitshumi⁶. Ukunikela kwenzeka ngo- UVan Mieu⁷ - the Ithempeli Lemibhalo - enhlokodolobha kazwelonke ye Thang Long⁸. Kusukela ngo-1465 kuqhubeke, lo mkhuba wamukelwa kwezinye izindawo futhi.

   Ithonya le I-Confucianism wazizwa enamandla emfundweni. Ngo-1426, ngenkathi amabutho akhe evala amabutho ahlaselayo I-Ming, Le Layi⁹ wahlela ukuhlolwa kwe-mandarin endaweni yakhe yokuyala at UBo De esifundeni sanamuhla se UGia Lam, Hhayi Noyi. Abafundi babuzwa ukuthi babhale “Incwadi Ebiza i-Ming eDong Quan ukuze anikezele“. Kwadlula amashumi amathathu kubo.

    Ngo-1428, ngokushesha ngemuva kokubekwa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, iKing Le Loi² iyalele ukuthi kusungulwe izikole kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe. I-Quoc Tu Giam⁷ (Ikolishi Likazwelonke) enhlokodolobha kazwelonke kwakuyisikhungo semfundo ephakeme kunazo zonke. Okunye ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngonyaka olandelayo, kepha imithetho ayizange imiswe ngokuqinile kuze kube sekubuseni kweNkosi I-Le Thai Tong². Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, izivivinyo zazibanjwa njalo ngeminyaka eyisithupha, ngamarounds amathathu. Okokuqala kuzoqhutshwa ezifundazweni ezizokhethwa Hhayi si (bachelors). Kwalandela ukuhlolwa kwesibili ngonyaka olandelayo okubizwa ngokuthi yi- Hoi ukuhlolwa, ngokusebenzisa I-Tien si (odokotela) kuzokhethwa. Emzuliswaneni wokugcina, i- I-Dinh INkosi uqobo izokhetha odokotela abathathu abaphezulu, UTrang nguyen, Bang nhan futhi Tham ho.

    Nayo inkosi yakhe Le Thanh Tong² kuhlinzekelwe ukuqhutshwa kovivinyo olunqobayo. Wabuye wabeka imithetho eqinile.

    Ukudlala indima ye AmaConfucianists, i-Le yasungula imikhosi ye nxa danh (ukumenyezelwa kohlu lomklomelo) futhi vinh nxa (ukubuya okunqobayo kwama-laureats ezindaweni zawo zomdabu). Amagama odokotela abebengenakufa kuma-stelae at UVan Mieu⁷.

    Ngokuvamile, imfundo yayingaphansi kokukhethekile ngaphansi kwe Le², futhi nokufinyelela kwanikezwa abajwayelekile. Noma kunjalo, isigodi ngasinye kwakudingeka siphendule ngokuziphatha okuhle kwabafundi babo (Ngihlale phansi) futhi abaqokiwe kufanele banikeze i-akhawunti enemininingwane yemvelaphi yabo ezizukulwaneni ezintathu (Cung khai tam dai). Abantu abahlobene nezigebengu noma abazijabulisa babevinjelwe kuzo zonke izivivinyo.

    Abafundi bafundiswa Izincwadi Ezine⁵ futhi Ama-Classics amahlanu⁵ kanye ne UZhu XiIzincwadi zefilosofi nomlando. Lezi bekuyizincwadi okwathathwa kuzo izingqikithi zezivivinyo. Ngale ndlela kwakungekho ndawo yokuzibandakanya mathupha futhi abafundi ababehlose ukuthola iziqu zemfundo kuphela kwakufanele bahambisane ngokuqinile nemithetho yobushiqela kaConfucian.

    Ngokuqina kobuzwe okwalandela ukunqoba i I-Ming ukuhlasela, amaConfucius wabona isidingo sokushintsha imiqondo yamaConfucian ukubenza balungele kangcono amanani endabuko. Lokhu kucace mqondo we UNhan (ubuntu) futhi Nghia (ukwethembeka) ithuthukiswe ngu Nguyen Trai. Buddhism futhi UbuTao, yize belahlekelwe ukwenyuka kwabo, bebekude nokuqothuka. Ukuba khona kwabo kwagcinwa emaphandleni. Ngisho nasenkantolo bekunenqwaba yabazinikeli bakaBuddha. Ngokwayo, I-Confucianism awenzanga mzamo omkhulu wokuxosha ezinye izinkolelo. Inkosi Le Thanh Tong², stalwart stalwart, waze wabizwa Phap Van Unkulunkulukazi¹⁰ at Ithempeli laseDau¹¹ ngenhloso yokuvula imvula.

AMANOTHI:
¹  I-Tran Ubukhosi1225-1400: iminyaka eyi-175). 
²  Le Ubukhosi1428-1527: iminyaka eyi-100): Ubukhosi bukaHau Le: Le So, Le Trung Hung - igama likazwelonke: Dai Viet - inhlokodolobha: Dong Kinh (igama langaphambili: Thang Long), kufaka phakathi amakhosi ayi-14: Le Thai To (Le Loi - 1429–1433: 4 iminyaka, Le Thai Tong (1433–1442: iminyaka eyi-9, ILe Nhan Tong (1442–1459: iminyaka eyi-17), Le Thien Hung (1459-1460: unyaka ongu-1), Le Thanh Tong (1460–1497: iminyaka eyi-37, Le Leien Tong (1497–1504: iminyaka eyi-7, Le Le Tuc Tong (1504-1505: izinyanga eziyisithupha), Le Uy Muc (1504–1509: iminyaka eyi-5), Le Tuong Duc (1509–1516: iminyaka eyi-7), ILe Quang Tri (1516: Izinyanga ezi-3, ILe Chieu Tong (1517–1522: iminyaka eyi-5, Le Bang (1518-1519: iminyaka eyi-2), Le Do (1519: Izinyanga ezi-2, Le Xuan (1522–1527: iminyaka eyi-7). Lesi kwakuyinkathi enkulu futhi enhle ye-feudalism yaseVietnam; I-Dai Viet ichume kuzo zonke izici (ezomnotho, ezamasiko, ezobuciko, ezenhlalo, ezemfundo, ezempi,…); indawo yandiswa (kuhlanganiswe nomhlaba kaBon Man (Muang Phuan), Chiem Thanh). 
³ Ngô Sĩ Liên (吳士 連 - 1400-1499) wazalwa ku Ĩan Sĩ isigodi, ha Dong, UHanoi, wayengumlando-mlando waseVietnam weLê Dynasty² - wabamba iqhaza kwi ILam Sơn ukuvukela kwe Lê Lợi, uthole isihloko esithi Doctorate (Tiến sế) futhi ngenxa yalokho waba yisikhulu enkantolo yasebukhosini yamakhosi amathathu alandelanayo ULê Thái Tông (1434-1442), Lê Nhân Tông (1442-1459) futhi ULê Thánh Tông (1460-1497), waqokwa Umqondisi Wehhovisi Likazwelonke Lezomlando (I-Viện Quốc sử) ngo-1473. Waziwa kakhulu ngokuba ngumqambi omkhulu we Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư - - ivolumu engu-15 (quyển) incwadi - ukwahlukaniswa kwakhe komlando waseVietnam kwaba yizikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko, wabeka yonke imicimbi eyenzeka ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe Isizinda sobukhosi be-astyinh in Amarekhodi aphelele (Ngoại kỷ) ngenkathi isikhathi esizimele ukusuka Isizinda sobukhosi be-astyinh (Ikhulu le-10th) ekudalweni kwe Lyn Dynasty ngo-1482 kwabikwa ukuthi Amarekhodi ayisisekelo (Bản kỷ) - umlando ophelele womlando waseVietnam kanye nerekhodi elidala kunawo wonke lomlando wobukhosi baseVietnam obusekhona namuhla. Kuze kube manje, Ngô Sĩ Liên ihlala ibhekwa njengenye yezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomlando waseVietnam.

… Iyabuyekeza…

BAN TU THU
5. 2020

QAPHELA:
Umthombo: Ukwenziwa kweVietnam. Ha Van Tan. thegioipubumenes.vn, 2018. Image; wikimapia.org.
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