Amamephu okuqala entshonalanga Annam 1651 - Holylandvietnamstudies.com

Amagama aseVietnam

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Lesi sihloko sibheka amagama izwe Vietnam. Amagama abantu abaseVietnam, bheka Igama lesiVietnam.

Việt Nam ukuhluka kwe Nam Việt (Wik Việt), igama elingalandelwa emuva ku- Ubukhosi buka-Triệu (Ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka, elibizwa nangokuthi iNanyue Kingdom).¹ Igama elithi "Việt" laqala njengefomu elifinyeziwe le- Bách Vicht, igama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kubantu ababehlala endaweni manje eseningizimu yeChina ezikhathini zasendulo. Igama “Việt Nam“, Ngamaqoqo ezinkulumo ngokohlelo lwesimanje, avele okokuqala ngekhulu le-16 enkondlweni ka Nguyen Binh Khiem. "Annam“, Elaphuma njengegama lesiShayina ngekhulu lesikhombisa, kwakuyigama elivamile laleli zwe ngesikhathi sekoloni. Umbhali wezwe UPhan Bội Châu uvuselele igama “Vietnam”Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lapho kusungulwa ohulumeni bamakhomanisi nabamelene nobukhomanisi ngo-1945, bobabili bakwamukela ngokushesha lokhu njengegama elisemthethweni lalelozwe. EsiNgisini, la maqoqo womabili ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa abe igama elilodwa, “Vietnam. ” Nokho, “Viet Nam”Kwake kwaba ukusetshenziswa okuvamile futhi kusasetshenziswa yiZizwe Ezihlangene kanye nohulumeni waseVietnam.

Kuwo wonke umlando, bekunamagama amaningi asetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kuwo Vietnam. Ngaphandle kwamagama asemthethweni, kunamagama asetshenziswe ngokungafanele ukubhekisela endaweni ye Vietnam. Vietnam kubizwa UVăn Lang ngesikhathi Hùng Vư Vng Ubukhosi, Âu Lạc ngenkathi u-An Dương eyinkosi, Nam Việt ngesikhathi sobukhosi be-Triệu, Vạn Xuân ngesikhathi soMbuso wase-Anterior Lý, Đại Cồ Việt ngesikhathi sozalo lwe-Đinh nozalo lwakwaLeo Lokuqala. Kusukela ngo-1054, kwabizwa iVietnam Ệi Việt (I-Great Viet).² Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaHồ, kwabizwa iVietnam Ngui Ngu.³

Umsuka we- "Vietnam"

Igama "Việt"(Yue) (Isi-Chinese: 越; i-pinyin: Yuè; IsiCantonese Yale: Yuht; UWade – Giles: UYüeh⁴; Isi-Vietnamese: Việt), I-Early Middle Chinese yabhalwa kuqala kusetshenziswa i-logograph “戉” ukuthola izembe (i-homeophone), emibhalweni yamathambo neyethusi yombhalo wobukhosi bakwaShang ongasekho (c. 1200 BC), futhi kamuva ngokuthi “越”.⁴ Ngaleso sikhathi lalibhekisa kubantu noma enkosini enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeShi.⁵ Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-8 BC, isizwe esisenkabeni Yangtze sabizwa ngeYangyue, okuyigama kamuva elalisetshenziselwa abantu abaseningizimu.⁵ Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-7 nele-4 BC uYue /Việt kubhekiswe ku-State of Yue emgodini ophansi waseYangtze nabantu bawo.^4,5

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-3 leminyaka, leli gama lalisetshenziselwa abantu ababengewona ama-China aseningizimu nasentshonalanga eseningizimu neChina nenyakatho Vietnam, nezifundazwe noma amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi iMinyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (IsiVietnam: I-Lạc Việt), njll., bebonke babizwa ngokuthi I-Baiyue (I-Bách Việt, Isi-Chinese: I-Baiyue; i-pinyin: Bǎiyuè; IsiCantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Isi-Vietnamese: Bách Vicht; "Amakhulu Yue / Viet"; ).^4,5 Igama elithi Baiyue /Bách Vicht iqale ukubonakala encwadini ULüshi Chunqiu ihlanganiswe nxazonke 239 BC.⁶

In 207 BC, owayengumbuso jikelele we-Qin Zhao Tuo / Triệu Đà wasungula umbuso uNanyue /Nam Việt (Isi-Chinese: 南越; “Southern Yue / Việt”) nenhloko-dolobha yayo ePanyu (yesimanje Guangzhou). Lo mbuso “wawuseningizimu” ngomqondo wokuthi wawuseningizimu yeminye imibuso yaseBaiyue efana neMinyue ne-Ouyue, etholakala eFujian naseZhejiang yanamuhla. Amakhosi amaningi aseVietnam kamuva alandela lesi siqeshana nangemva kokuba laba bantu abaningi basenyakatho sebengene eChina.

Ngo "Sấm Trạng Trình"(Iziprofetho zeTrạng Trình), imbongi Nguyen Binh Khiem (1491-1585) iguqule ukuhleleka kwendabuko kwamaqoqo futhi yafaka igama ngendlela yalo yesimanje: "IVietnam iyakhiwa" (I-Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền).⁷ Ngalesi sikhathi, izwe lalihlukaniswe phakathi kwe Trịnh amakhosi aseHanoi kanye ne Nguyen amakhosi kaHuế. Ngokuhlanganisa amagama amaningi akhona, Nam Việt, Annam (Iphakiwe eningizimu), Ệi Việt (Kuhle i-Việt), futhi "Nam quốc"(Isizwe eseningizimu), UKhiêm angakha igama elisha elibhekise esimweni esihlangene sokufisa. Igama “Nam”Akusasho ukuthi i-Southern Việt, kepha kunalokho Vietnam "yiNingizimu" ngokungafani neChina, "iNyakatho".⁸ Le ncazelo ikhonjiswe ngu Lý Thường Kiệt enkondlweni ethi “Nam quốc sơn hà” (1077): "Phezu kwezintaba nemifula yaseNingizimu, kubusa umbusi waseNingizimu." Umcwaningi Nguyễn Phúc Giác Hải uthole igama 越南 “Việt Nam”Ematsheni ayi-12 aqoshwe ngekhulu le-16 nele-17, kuhlanganise nelinye eB ato Lâm Pagoda, eHải phòng (1558).⁸ Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1675-1725) wasebenzisa leli gama enkondlweni: “Le yintaba eyingozi kakhulu Vietnam"(IViệt Nam hiểm ải thử sơn điên).⁹ Lalisetshenziswa njengegama elisemthethweni yi-Emperor UGia Long ku-1804-1813.¹⁰ Umbusi weJiaqing wenqaba UGia LongIsicelo sokushintsha igama lezwe lakhe libe ngu Nam Việt, futhi washintsha igama waba Việt Nam.¹¹ IGia Long's Đại Nam thực lục iqukethe izincwadi zokuxhumana ezenziwa ngegama.¹²

“I-Trung Quốc” 中國 noma 'i-Middle Country' isetshenziswe njengegama le- Vietnam nguGia Long ngonyaka ka-1805.¹¹ Minh Mạng usebenzise igama elithi "Trung Quốc" 中國 ukubiza iVietnam.¹³ I-Vietnamese Nguyen Emperor Minh Mạng yenza izinhlanga ezincane ezinjengabantu baseCambodia, yafuna ifa likaConfucianism kanye nobukhosi baseChina baseHan eVietnam, futhi yasebenzisa igama elithi Han people 漢人 ukubhekisa kwabaseVietnam.¹⁴ Minh Mạng umemezele ukuthi "Kufanele sethembe ukuthi imikhuba yabo yobuzwe izophela ngokungazi, nokuthi nsuku zonke bazotheleleka kakhulu ngamasiko amaHan [Sino-Vietnamese]."¹⁵ Le nqubomgomo yaqondiswa ezizweni zaseKhmer nasezintabeni.¹⁶ The Nguyen inkosi Nguyễn Phúc Chu wayekhulume ngeVietnam ngokuthi "abantu baseHan" ngo-1712 lapho ehlukanisa phakathi kweVietnam neChams.¹⁷ Izingubo zaseChina zaphoqwa kubantu baseVietnam ngabakwaNguyễn.^18,19,20,21

Ukusetshenziswa kwe “Vietnam”Ivuselelwe ezikhathini zanamuhla ngabezwe ababandakanya UPhan Bội Châu, incwadi yakhe I-Việt Nam vong quốc sử (Umlando Wokulahleka KweVietnam) yashicilelwa ngo-1906. Chau wasungula ne I-Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (Inhlangano Yokubuyiselwa KweVietnam) ngo-1912. Kodwa-ke, umphakathi jikelele uqhubeke nokusebenzisa Annam negama "Vietnam”Yahlala ingaziwa kwaze kwaba sekuvukeleni kukaYên Bái ngo-1930, okwakuhlelwe yiViệt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (IVietnam Nationalist Party).²² Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1940, ukusetshenziswa kwe- “Việt Nam”Yayisakazeke yonke indawo. Kuvele egameni le- IHo Chi Minh CityI-Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội (I-Viet Minh), yasungulwa ngo-1941, futhi yasetshenziswa ngisho ngumbusi waseFrance Indochina ngo-1942.²³ Igama “Vietnam”Besisebenza ngokusemthethweni kusukela ngo-1945. Samukelwa ngoJuni ngu Bao DaiUhulumeni wasebukhosini eHuế, nangoSepthemba nguhulumeni kaHo oyimbangi wobukhomanisi eHanoi.²⁴

Amanye amagama

I-Xích Quỷ (赤鬼) 2879-2524 BC
UVăn Lang (文郎 / I-Orange) 2524-258 BC
I-Âu Lạc (甌雒 / Anak) 257-179 BC
I-Nam Việt (南越) 204-111 BC
I-Giao Chỉ (交趾 / 交阯) 111 BC - 40 AD
ILĩnh Nam 40-43
Giao Chỉ 43-299
Giao Châu 299-544
UVạn Xuân (萬春) I-544-602
Giao Châu 602-679
I-Nam (U-Annan) I-679-757
Trấn Nam 757-766
Nam Nam 766-866
UTĩnh Hải (靜海) I-866-967
U-Đại Cồ Việt (大瞿越) I-968-1054
U-Đại Việt (大越) I-1054-1400
Ngui Ngu (大虞) I-1400-1407
Nami Nam (大南)²⁵ 1407-1427
Đại Việt 1428-1804
Đế quốc Việt Nam (Umbuso waseVietnam) I-1804-1839
Đại Nam 1839-1845
I-Indochina (I-Tonkin, An Nam, Cochinchina) I-1887-1954
I-Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (I-Democratic Republic of VietnamNgo-1945 - 1975
I-Việt Nam Cộng hòa (IRiphabhuliki yaseVietnamNgo-1954 - 1975
Chính phủ Cách mạng Lâm thời Cộng hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam 1954 - 1974 (UHulumeni Wokuvuselela uHulumeni weRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Vietnam)
Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (I-Republic of Socialist yaseVietnam1975 - Cha

Amagama kwezinye izilimi

EsiNgisini, ukupela Vietnam, IViet-Nam, neViet Nam konke kusetshenzisiwe. Uhlelo lwe-1954 luka IWebster's New Collegiate Dictionary unikeze zombili izindlela ezingalawulwa futhi ezinomqondo owonakele; ngokuphendula incwadi evela kumfundi, abahleli bakhombisile ukuthi ifomu elikhethiwe Viet Nam kwamukeleka futhi, yize bathi ngoba ama-Anglophones wayengayazi incazelo yamagama amabili akha igama iVietnam, "akumangazi" ukuthi kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokushiya isikhala.²⁶ Ngo-1966, uhulumeni wase-US wayaziwa ngokusebenzisa zonke izinguqulo ezintathu, uMnyango Wezwe ukhetha le nguqulo.²⁷ Ngo-1981, ifomu eliqanjiwe lalithathwa njengelidethi, ngokusho kombhali waseScotland UGilbert Adair, futhi wabiza isihloko sencwadi yakhe mayelana nokuboniswa kwezwe kwifilimu esebenzisa ifomu elingacacisiwe nelingabonakali elithi "Vietnam".²⁸

Igama lesiShayina lanamuhla laseVietnam (Chinese: IVietnam; ipinyin: Yuènán) lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “Beyond the South”, okuholela kwi-folk etymology ukuthi igama libhekisela endaweni yezwe ngaphesheya kwemingcele eseningizimu neChina. Omunye umbono uchaza ukuthi isizwe sabizwa kanjalo ukuze kugcizelelwe ukwahlukana kwalabo abahlala eChina ngokungafani nabantu abahlala eVietnam.²⁹

Bobabili abaseJapan nabaseKorea phambilini babebhekise eVietnam ngokubiza kwabo izinhlamvu zamaSino-Xenic ngokwezinhlamvu zamaShayina ngamagama abo, kodwa kamuva bashintsha basebenzisa okubhaliwe ngqo kwefonetiki. EJapan, kulandela ukuzimela kweVietnam amagama Annan (U-Annan) futhi Etsunan (IVietnam) zithathelwe isikhundla kakhulu ngumbhalo wefonetiki Bhetsamu (ベトナム), ibhalwe ngaphakathi umbhalo we-katakana; noma kunjalo, ifomu elidala lisabonakala emagameni ahlanganisiwe (isb 訪越, “Ukuvakashela eVietnam”).³⁰^{, I-31} UMnyango Wezangaphandle waseJapan kwesinye isikhathi wawusebenzisa esinye isipelingi I-Vietonamu (ヴィエトナム).³¹ Ngokufanayo, ngolimi lwesiKorea, ngokuhambisana nenkambiso ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-hanja, igama elisuselwa eSino-Korean I-Wollam (월남, ukufundwa kwesiKorea kwe IVietnam) ithathelwe indawo yi IBeteunam (베트남) eSouth Korea nase I-Wennam (윁남) eNyakatho Korea.^32,³³