Ukuhlaselwa kweFrencj uSaigon - Holylandvietnamstudies.com

YIPHI indlela iFrance eyathatha iVietnam ngo-1857? - Isigaba 2

5325 Ukubukwa

**I-III. Ukulimazeka E-KỲ HÒA KANYE Nempi EQINILE YOKUZIPHATHA EMZANSI (1861-1862)**

Ngemva kokuba Ukuwa kweBeijing nokuphela kwe Impi Yesibili Ye-Opium eChina, uhulumeni waseFrance we-Emperor Napoleon III (1808-1873)^[19]ngithathe isinqumo sokuqhubekal'expédition de Cochinchine”Noma ukunqotshwa kweSouthern Vietnam. NgoFebhuwari 1861, ngaphansi komyalo ophakeme wamaFrance Ummeli uLeonard Charner (1797-1869)^[20], ukuqiniswa okukhulu kwamabutho aseFrance eMpumalanga Ekude ayiswa eSaigon, okwakukhona kakhulu ama-veterans anolwazi kakhulu yempi yempi yaseChina. Ngokusho kwesikhulu saseFrance ULéopold Pallu de la Barrière (1828-1891)^[21], amabutho abo okunqoba kweSouthern Vietnam ayekhona^[22]:

Umbhalo woqobo waseFrance:

"… Tout 70 navires de guerre, dont 14 to voiles et 56 à vapeur. I-Sep navires loués à la Compagnie péninsulaire et orientale servaient à a assurer les wezokuxhumana sur une si grande étendue de côtes. Abasebenzi aba-4 aba-généraux, abangu-13 be-capitaines de vaisseau, abangama-22, ama-capitaines angama-95, ama-105 ama-lieutenans de vaisseau, ama-enisa angama-100, ama-aspirans ayi-100, ama-médecin ayi-100, ama-8,000 activers d'adminication, ama-474 asemanzini, abasebenzi abasebenza ngokuzikhandla. I-L'artillerie s'élevait in 7,866 bouches to feu, i-force Force nominale des Machine à XNUMX chevaux-vapeur… "

Ukuhunyushwa kwesiNgisi:

“… Kunengqikithi yemikhumbi yempi engama-70, engu-14 yayo yimikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi kanti engama-56 yimikhumbi yokuhamba ngesikebhe. Imikhumbi eyisikhombisa ekhishwe yiPeninsular neMpumalanga Company yasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kule ndawo enkulu engasogwini. Izikhulu ezaqashwa zazihlanganisa nezikhulu ezi-4, izinduna zemikhumbi, izinduna ezingama-13 zamafriji, ama-lieutenant angama-22 emikhumbi, izimpawu ezingama-95, abafisa ukuba yikhulu, odokotela abayi-105, abaphathi abayi-100, amatilosi angama-100. Lezi zibhamu zazibalelwa ku-100 izibhamu, amandla aqokiwe ayimishini engu-8,000 474 yamandla amahhashi… "

Ngokungafani nonyaka ka-1858, ngamasosha wempi ayi-14 waseFrance kuphela lapho kuhlaselwa iTraane. Ngo-1861, kwaba nemikhumbi yempi yezempi engama-70 yazo zonke izinhlobo eyayibamba iqhaza kwi-Cochinchina Campaign. Eminye yalezi zimpi zaseFrance yayimangalisa ngempela futhi iphakeme kunaleyo abaseVietnam ababenayo ngaleso sikhathi, ngokwesibonelo, i- I-Frigate la Persévérante, wayehlome ngokuphelele ngemishini engaphezulu kuka-60 nezisebenzi ze-513 manpower^[23]^[24].

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaFulentshi futhi aqashe okungaphezulu kwalokhu Ama-600 ama-mercenaries aseChina nama-coolies ababezimisele ukulwa ngaphansi kwesibhengezo soMbuso WesiBili waseFrance^[27].

Ekugcineni, usuku lwenhlekelele yafika ngomhlaka 24 kuFebhuwari 1861 ngenkathi Impi yeKỳ Hòa^[28], lapho yonke imigqa yokuzivikela yaseVietnam eyakha ngaseSaigon iminyaka emibili yawa ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwamasosha aseFrance angama-4,000 kuya kwayi-5,000 50 ngosizo lwezinkulungwane zezikhali kanye nemikhumbi yempi engama-XNUMX^[29]. Kwakuyimpi yamagazi yizinhlangothi zombili. Usuku lokuqala lwempi lwabiza amaFulentshi neSpanish 6 ababulawa kwathi abangama-30 balimala^[30]. Phakathi kwabalimele bekukhona nezikhulu ezikhulukazi ezifana neFrance Okujwayelekile Élie de Vassoigne (1811-1891)^[31]neSpanishi UColonel Carlos Palanca Gutierrez (1819-1876)^[32]. Ngosuku olulandelayo kwabona ukubhujiswa komugqa wokuzivikela weKỳ Hòa, kanye nabafile bamasosha nemikhosi yaseFrance engu-12, kwathi abangu-225 balimala. Ukulimala kwabantu baseVietnam kwakukukhulu kakhulu lapho kufe nabalinganiselwa ku-1,000 XNUMX abalimala, kubandakanya UMarshal Nguyễn Tri Phương.

Njengokuzamazama komhlaba ngemuva kokuqubuka kwedamu, kuphela unyaka owodwa emva kokuwa kweKỳ Hòa (Februwari 1861 - Februwari 1862), yonke imizi yesifundazwe ye Gia Định, Định Tường futhi I-Biên Hòa ngemuva kwalokho bathunjwa amabutho kaFranco-Spain. AmaFulentshi ahlela uhlelo “lwamaselula” ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, nemikhumbi emincane nemaphakathi yokulwa kwempi yasemfuleni efana ne- “i-canonnière"(izibhamu) ^[34], i- “i-chaloupe canonnière"(izibhamu) nohlobo lwamasosha ePortugesei-lorchas"^[35]. Zaziyilungele ngokuphelele indawo nemifula eseNingizimu yeVietnam. Ukwenza isibonelo, ngo-1861-1862 amaFulentshi isibhamu lAAme bahlala ngasemfuleni waseVaico (I-Vàm Cỏ) ^[36], ophethe ukuzivikela kusuka UTây Ninh kuya I-Long An.

Ngenkathi iNguyễn Dynasty iphinde yabuya futhi yaphinde yaphenduka ezinxushunxushweni, inqwaba Abalimi baseVietnam kanye nempi wasukuma futhi walwa ngokuqinile namabutho amaFrance yonke indawo. Umholi ophambili wabasekeli baseVietnam ngaleso sikhathi UMashal Trương Định (張定, I-1820-1864)^[38]. Ngaphansi kwesibhengezo se UMarshal Trương Định, abaholi bezempi abaningi abanethalente abanjengo Nguyễn Trung Trực (阮忠直, I-1838-1868) walwa namaqhawe amaFrance^[39]. NgoDisemba 1861, amabutho akhe naye uqobo bashisa iloli yezempi yaseFrance l'Espérance eNhựt Tảo River, umcimbi owabulala izimpilo zamasosha angama-17 aseFrance nawaseTagan kanye nababambisene nabo abangama-20 baseVietnam. Ngo-1862, isimo saze saba sibi kakhulu emabuthweni aseFrance naseSpain, lapho typhus nezinye izinhlobo zezifo yabulala abantu abangamakhulu amaningana. Izindawo ezivela I-Gò Công kuya Cần Giờ bakhululwa kamuva baba izisekelo zabashokobezi ezisebenzayo eSouthern Vietnam.

**IV. UKUKHANYA KWESAIGONI (5 JUNI 1862): "BABHADA NGESIKHATHI" SEZIMALI ZOKUVAKASHA KWI-VIETNAMESE**

Ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo yaseRoyal of Nguyen Ubukhosi ngaphansi kokubusa kwe UMbusi uTự Đức (嗣德, I-1829-1883)^[41]washaqeka futhi wethuka lapho ezwa zonke izindaba ezimbi ngokuwa kwe-Kỳ Hòa, ukuwa kweGia Định, i-hnh Tường kanye namadolobha ezifundazwe aseBiên Hòa. Ngakho-ke, kuwo wonke unyaka we-1861 kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1862, iNkantolo yaseRoyal yaxhumana nabantu futhi yaxoxisana nabaseFrance ngokulandela iSivumelwano Sokuthula ”(?)

UMbusi ubengazi ngempela ngesimo samabutho aseFrance eCochchin, abephethwe yizikhulu eziphezulu ezivela ezimpini zabashokobezi zaseVietnam kanye nezifo kanye nezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi Impi yaseFrance eMexico (1861-1867) okwenzekayo^[42]. Le mpi yaseMexico empeleni yayiyi- “quagmire”, okwabiza kakhulu abalimele baseFrance futhi yaba yinto yokuqala yeNapoleon III yokuthumela ezinye iziqiniseko, hhayi i-Cochinchina.

Amanye ama-mandarin we Nguyen UDynasty waze wazisa uMbusi ngesimo sangempela. Kodwa-ke, uMbusi usenqume ukusayina isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuthi "Isivumelwano Sokuthula" namabutho aseFrance naseSpain eSaigon, ngo-5 Juni 1862. Wathumela ama-mandarin asezingeni eliphakeme UPhan Thanh Giản (潘清簡; 1796-1867) futhi Lâm Duy Hiệp (林維浹, I-1806-1863) yokusayina isivumelwano^[44]^[45].

Ngokusho kwesivumelwano, zonke izifundazwe ezintathu zeGia Định, u-Địn T Tờờng kanye no-Biên Hòa zabe sezilandelwa amaFulentshi! Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Article 9 yalesi Sivumelwano imayelana wajoyina amabutho kaFranco-Vietnamese ukuthwebula okuthiwa "pirates"Futhi"amasela”ECochinchina^[47]! Ngokusobala, kusho bonke abaholi ababamba iqhaza baseVietnam eVietnam yaseNingizimu neTrương Định, Nguyễn Trung Trực, Võ Duy Dương… abangazange bazilahle phansi izikhali zabo kungabizwa ngokuthi “amapirates” kanye no “majambathi”, noma nini lapho abaseFrance bafuna, futhi INduna yamaNguyễn nayo yayinesibopho sokubaphoqa ukuba banikele!

Ngakho-ke, iSivumelwano seSaigon ngonyaka we-1862 singathathwa njenge ukugwazwa okubulalayo ngemuva kwabahlaseli baseVietnam. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwadingeka ukuthi balwe bodwa, ngaphandle kosizo loDabuko waseNguyễn (bangaboshwa futhi bathunyelwe kwigunya laseFrance uma kunesidingo). Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, uMbambo waseNguyễn waba ngumkhapheli odume kakhulu esizweni saseVietnam! Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu baseSouthern Vietnam babenenkulumo eyaziwayo:

"Phan, Lâm mãi quốc; triều đình khi dân. " (UPhan [Thanh Giản] noLâm [Duy Hiệp] bathengisa izwe; inkantolo ayinandaba nabantu)

Ngaphandle kwengcindezi evela ezinhlangothini zombili zeFrance neNkantolo yaseRoyal, UMarshal Trương Định wamemezela ukuthi uzolwa nemikhosi ehlaselayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe! Ngo-1863, amaFulentshi U-Admiral Louis Aldophe Bonard (1805-1867)^[49]futhi ithumele i-Trương Định a Incwadi ye-Ultimatum. Kodwa-ke, uTrương Định wayiphendula ngenhlonipho incwadi ka-Admiral waseFrance ngokuthi:

"Triều đình Huế không nhìn nhận chúng ta, nhưng chúng ta cứ bảo vệ Tổ quốc chúng ta." (INkantolo YaseRoyal eHuế ayikaze ibone ukunyakaza kwethu, kepha namanje silwela izwe laseBatland.)

Futhi yaqhubeka impi yabashokobezi yaze yashona ngo-1864.

V. EMINYE AMAZWI

I "Isivumelwano Sokuthula sango-1862”Kwasayinwa okwenze ukuthi amaFulentshi abekwe ebunzimeni, ekugcineni abe ngumnqobi! Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amabutho wokulwa neVietnam kamuva abaphenduka “abavukeli” futhi “abaphangi” ngokwemigomo yalesi Sivumelwano! Ngokusayina Isivumelwano seSaigon, inkululeko yaseVietnam yalahleka ngokwengxenye eMbusweni WesiBili waseFrance. Kuwo wonke umlando waseVietnam, bekungomunye izinto ezinelukuluku kakhulu futhi kwenziwa nguhulumeni waseVietnam.

Kamuva, iNkantolo yaseRoyal of Nguyen UDynasty uqhubeke nokusayina izivumelwano eziningana, ezinjengeSivumelwano se-1874 noma Isivumelwano Sesibili seSaigon^[51], ebone ezinye izifundazwe ezintathu zeSouthern Vietnam (IGiang, Vĩnh Long noHà Tiên) ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwamaFrance. Ekugcineni, i Isivumelwano se-Huế Ngo-1884 umane waguqula iVietnam yaba i- “French Protectorate”.

Ngaphandle kwezenzo zokukhaphela kanye nokungakwazi ukusebenza kweNkantolo yaseRoyal, ezinye izizathu ezaholela ekulahlekelweni inkululeko yaseVietnam yilezi:

I "abahlanganyeli": Abantu abaningi baseVietnam basebenzela ngokuzithandela igunya lesiphathimandla saseFrance ngaphansi kwamasosha amakhulu, anjenge-" Mã Tà "(UMatha). Emiphakathini yamaShayina eSaigon, ukunqotshwa kweFrance kweCochinchina kwalethela izinzuzo eziningi kunangaphambili njengoba babesebenza ngokubambisana "negunya elisha" (Ngokuphambene nalokho, imiphakathi yaseSino-Vietnamese esifundazweni saseRạch Giá kanye nesiQhingi sasePhú Quốc yazibandakanya ngenkuthalo nokuncintisana kweNguyễn Trung Trực ngonyaka we-1868).
Okungokoqobo Amaphekula aseVietnam: Kusukela ngo-1862 kuya ku-1865, ukuvukelwa kwe Tạ Văn Phụng (謝文奉,? -1865)^[52], umgibeli waseVietnam owayesebenzela imikhosi yezobunhloli yaseFrance, owabulala abantu abaningi eNkantolo yaseRoyal. Basekelwa yibutho elikhulu labaphangi baseChinese kanye nabaphangi eSifundazweni saseQuảng Ninh. Ngo-1865, uPhng wathunjwa wabulawa eHuế.
The Izigelekeqe zaseChineseKusukela ngo-1870s, iNyakatho neVietnam yaphazanyiswa kakhulu yizinkulungwane zamabhendi waseChinese ovela Emkhosini Wezempi Omnyama kanye Nempi Yezwe^[53], ababekade kukhona isikhashana amasosha Ukuhlubuka Kokweqae-China^[54].
The izingxabano phakathi kwamaVietnam angamaVietnam futhi AmaConfucianists aseVietnam: Ngo-1874, amaConfucius eCentral Vietnam asola amaVietnam aseVietnam ngokusebenzisana kanye nokulahleka kweSouthern Vietnam emabuthweni aseFrance. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuka okwenzekile kwaqubuka nesiqubulo esithi"Bình Tây Sát Tả!" (Hlunga amaFulentshi, Bulala amaHeresi!)^[55]. Kwaphenduka impi yombango eCentral Vietnam, okwabeka izwe langena shí esimweni sokuphazamiseka. (Eqinisweni, amaKatolika aseVietnam kwakungewona awokugqekeza. Amanye amaKatolika aseVietnam abambisene namaFulentshi, kepha abanye bade bakhombisa nokuhlonipha uMbusi, njengo Nguyễn Trường Tộ (阮長祚, I-1830-1871)^[56], obuye athumele kuMbusi ngezinhlelo zakhe zokwakha kabusha iSouthern Vietnam ngesikhathi UFranco-Prussian War^[57]).

Uma sibheka esikhathini esidlule, singafunda izifundo eziningi zanamuhla: Ukuze silondoloze Ukuzimela Nenkululeko, IVietnam kumele ibe yizwe eliqinile nelizinzile, uhulumeni kumele angayekeleli phansi intando yabantu, futhi futhi abantu kumele babumbane njengobungaphambili, bahloniphe imithetho nemigomo futhi bafeze imisebenzi yabo.

Futhi, sibonga kakhulu ngokufunda futhi ngethemba ukuthi le mpendulo izokwanelisa umbuzo wakho!

cheers.

Imibhalo yaphansi

[19] UNapoleon III - iWikipedia

[20] ULeonard Charner - iWikipedia

[21] Léopold Pallu de la Barrière - Wikipédia

[22] I-La campagne de 1861 en Cochinchine

[23] I-Frégates à voiles de 1ze rang

[24] I-120 canons - I-Trois-Ponts!

[25] I-Saïgon: i-dock flottant

[26] UMFANEKISO 19-01-1867

[27] Izimbali ze-Histoire contemporaine les principaux é sevénements qui se sont accomplis depuis la révolution de 1830 jusqu'à nos jours et résumant, durant la même période, le mouvement social, artistique et littéraire