IVIETNAM, CIVILIZATION kanye NENKOLO - ISINGENISO

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NguPIERRE HUARD¹
kanye ne-DURAND DURAND²
I-École Française D'Extrême-Orient³, Hanoi.

   AImpilo ye-nimal imane iwukujwayela okuqondile futhi okuqinisekile endaweni lapho ishiya yonke into injengoba injalo. Ngomuntu, lokho "esiyingqayizivele“, Akugcini ngokuzivumelanisa nesimo kuphela kepha nokuvukela okungukuthi ukusungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokucatshangelwa kwezinjongo zokomoya okuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamaqembu abantu kanye nokuvimbela ukuqedwa kwawo emvelweni enobutha. Ngakho-ke, impucuko namasiko kufanelekile ukuzalwa.

    Civilization imele zonke izindlela, izinto eziqanjiwe kanye nokutholwa lapho abantu behlela impilo yabo yangaphandle. Esikweni, ngokwalo indlela ethile yokuphila yomuntu kanye nokuhlobisa ukuzijabulisa komuntu, kuxhumene nenani lezinto ezizimele zezinto eziphilayo kuphela lapho iqembu lobuhlanga elizama ukuveza ukuthambekela kwalo kwangaphakathi, izidingo zomoya kanye nemibono yendawo yonke.

   Eimpucuko ngayinye inendlela yayo yokubala kwabantu, indlela yayo yokuphila nokufa, indlela yayo yokuphila kanye nezinga layo elithile lamasiko. Isithunzi somuntu kanye nokungahlakaniphi akukwazi ukukalwa ngezinga lokuphila eliphakeme, ngakho-ke, izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lempucuko lingase livumelane nezinga lesiko elimaphakathi. Kulokhu, kukhona ukwehliswa kanye nokwehliswa kwesithunzi solwazi ukuze lusakazwe kubantu abaningi. Izinga eliphakeme lamasiko alikuvumi ukuthukwa. Iphakamisa amadoda ngaphezu kwawo ukuze abe maningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze afinyelele injabulo yengqondo. Ingase ibe ne-substratum ukunethezeka kwempahla engabalulekile okunokuthambekela kwe-ascetical. Lena indaba ka Vietnam kanye nabampofu nabaningi esifundeni saseNyakatho yasemakhaya. Njengoba uP. GOROU⁴ uphawule wathi, "naphezu kosizi lwayo, aluhlali obala, futhi naphezu kokufuna ngenkani inzuzo ephansi kakhulu kanye nokwamukela ngokuthobekile umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa, luthole impucuko ehluzekile nenengqondo, elahlekile ngabaningi amazwe athuthuke kakhulu, kanye nesiko le- Chinese ugqozi oluqhathaniswa nawo wonke amasiko amakhulu we-classical.

    The Vietnamese Isiko Nezimpucuko Ngakho-ke akha lowomhlaba ojwayelekile lapho Vietnamese zikwelime elifanayo, abadali nezidalwa. Babambelela kubo, kusho ukuthi impucuko namasiko bazifaka esikhathini somlando futhi baba ngabantu bezizwe kanye nabokufika,emhlabeni ovamile kuwo wonke umuntu”Kushiwo u-ARISTOTLE⁵, ifreyimu ibekelwe imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene eyenziwe Vietnam lapho wonke umuntu kufanele azikhombe khona Uma lokhu kuhlonza kungaphelele, kunesidingo sokulingana phakathi komuntu nalokhu “izwe elivamile”Nemithombo yezingxabano nje ibinganqandeki.

   Vulgarizing amaqiniso abalulekile Impucuko YaseVietnam Namasiko isifundo esibe yimpoqo kukho konke UFranco - waseVietnam izikole Izinga lokuqala nelesibili kungasho ukusiza ukuqonda ingxenye yalokho “izwe“. Amatende asetshenzisiwe ngenxa yalokhu futhi sikweleta uMnu. NGUYEN VAN HUYEN⁶ omunye wemisebenzi emihle kakhulu. Akanayo nhlobo inhloso yokuphinda aqale umsebenzi wakhe. Ngenkathi silinde ukubhala nge Izazi zaseVietnam a I-Vietnamese Encyclopedia, umsebenzi osubaluleke kakhulu futhi obaluleke kakhulu, inhloso yethu ukunikeza umsebenzi osetshenziswayo kubo bonke abantu abanelukuluku abafisa ukwazi ukuthi kungokwesiko kanjani Vietnam wayephila esikhathini esidlule.

   Wnginamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu kwesithonjana se-io. Imisebenzi eyisikhumbuzo ka-HENRI J. OGER⁷ (1908) kanye no-JG BESSON⁸ (1938) asisizanga ngalutho. Sidwebe inani elikhulu lemifanekiso yethu eminye kusuka emisebenzini engemva kokuthuka ye-GEORGES DUMOUTIER⁹ (1850-1904), noma kusukela ku-chreslomalhy ye-ED. I-NORDEMANN¹⁰ (1914), futhi futhi kusukela ku-a Inkambo yolimi lwaseVietnam ye-TISSOT¹¹. Amanani abo, anezici ezidwetswe ngobunono, aveza okuvamile Umlingiswa waseVietnam.

   Oumsebenzi wakho wehliswa ngokuzithandela ekuqaleni kwe-20^th century, ngesikhathi lapho njengabo bonke Amasiko Asezingeni eliphezulu, lo Impucuko yaseVietnam yayicwilisiwe yilokho West. Ngaleso sikhathi, Umnotho waseVietnam yahlala iqinile futhi, njengoba iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezedlule yayidlule I-Neolithic, bangene ehholo ngokujikeleza okuvaliwe lapho Ezimboni zangaphambili. Ukufakwa esikhundleni okuqhubekayo kwenqola yeloli nalokho okuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo yendawo, kudliwe abakhiqizi, kuhlasele kakhulu, e- Vietnam kanye naku Europe, ukuqina kwama-agglomerations asemakhaya ahlala cishe ngokuphelele yodwa ngesitayela sokuphila namasu aqhamuka ekujuleni kwe-prehistory (I-VARRAGNAC¹³).

   Ungaphansi kokubonakala kabusha kokuma kwazo kwangaphandle, amapani abalulekile amasiko endabuko abuyiselwe emuva ngokuhlukumezeka okunodlame kakhulu noma okuncane. Ubuhle besimo sezulu sokuncika kwezwe, ivezwe ku- “ubaba nomama ''ukuphathwa, i-hud iphazanyisiwe, i- Vietnamese "i-psyche"Uye washaqeka kakhulu lapho inguquko nempi yombango yayinikeze omkhulu umfutho. Akumele sibhekane nathi lapha nalokhu kukhungathekisa. Kumelwe nje sizibuze ukuthi, ngosizo lwalezi zinhlaka ezinzima, ngabe Isiko laseVietnam ukukwazi, njengoba impucuko yasentshonalanga ibilokhu ikwenza selokhu ikhiphe ilimu ende, ukuzichaza ngokwayo ngeqiniso.

   Duyaqaphela ukuthi omunye wemisebenzi yesintu ipulasitiki, ukudalwa okunganqamuki kwamagugu amasha amasiko ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyo yonke imikhakha: isayensi, imizwa, ubuhle, inkolo nezobuchwepheshe?

   Ikungenzeka, ngoba kuningi Vietnamese izazi zithole ukugxekwa okwanele okuzenzakalelayo ukuze zingene emasikweni abo, zibaguqukele endabeni yokufunda futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinqobe ukuzimela kwabo maqondana namasiko ashiwo.

     Tusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi akusho nhlobo ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwenkolo nokungcwele, ukuqedwa okunjalo kuye kwabonakala kuyingozi. Isizathu asizidali izingqikithi zaso. Il iwathola enganekwaneni, indlela yolwazi oluthinta inhliziyo, ehambisana nolwazi oluphusile oluqedayo. Usuku lwamanje Vietnamese abakhethiweyo kufanele baqinisekise zonke izinto zesiko labo, "hhayi ukuthi bamelane nesiko lasentshonalanga, kepha balamukele ngokweqiniso futhi balithokozise, ​​balisebenzise njengokudla kwabo esikhundleni sokuliguqula libe ngumthwalo, futhi balazi lelo siko kodwa bangahlali emngceleni walo, njengabahloli bemibhalo kanye nabadla ibhuku (URABINDRANATH TAGORE¹⁴). Labo bantu abakhethekile kumele futhi baqonde ukubaluleka kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ekuhlanganiseni kwamadoda aphila ngesikhathi.

   On lo mbono, Vietnamese zezwe izimpikiswano zizithola, njengamanje, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokunikeza izinto ezishiywe yimpucuko yazo ukubaluleka kwazo okufanele. Kepha indlela yokusebenza mejimende nempucuko ayithathi hlangothi. Bangase, ngokwendlela esetshenziswe ngayo bakhulule ingqondo ekuzibopheleni kwayo okuqinile nokuphila ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo nakubantu abanamanyala.

   Tukukhathazeka njalo, ukuthi Isiko laseVietnam ama-lias akhonjiswe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, hhayi ukuhlanganisa noma iyiphi into yakwamanye amazwe (Hindu, Chinese, Cham noma Western) ngaphandle kokuzama ukuphoqa isimilo sayo esiyingqayizivele, kwakha incwadi egunyaza ukuthi inokuhlangana okwanele ukumelana nezingcindezi zangaphandle futhi iqhubeke nokuchaza ubudlelwane obuthile obusungule phakathi Amandla amathathu oMvelo (UTam tai): Izulu, Umhlaba Nomuntu.

lwezincwadi :
+ H. OGER. Isingeniso esijwayelekile socwaningo lwesu labantu base-annamese, indatshana ngempilo yezinto ezibonakalayo, ezobuciko nezimboni zabantu base-Annam, Paris, Geuthner, 1908.

+ ED. NORDEMANN. I-Annamese chrestomathy, Hanoi 1914.
+ JULES G. BESSON. I-monography edwetshiwe ye-Indochina (Tonquin, Annam, Cochinchina), uParis Geuthner, ngo-1938.

+ H. TISSOT. Izifundo eziphakeme ze-Annamese, Hanoi 1910.
+ NGUYEN VAN HUYEN. Impucuko yama-Annamese, Hanoi 1943.
+ A. VARAGNAC. Impucuko yendabuko kanye nohlobo lwempilo, eParis, ngo-1948.

AMANOTHI :
Umthombo: IConnaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Uhlelo olubukeziwe lwesithathu lwe-3, I-Iprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Translated by VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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