Isingeniso se-Annam ye-Technique - Phan Huy Le - holylandvietnamstudies.com

ISINGENISO NguProfessor emlandweni u-PHAN HUY LE - uMongameli we-Historical Association of Vietnam - Isigaba 1

3704 Ukubukwa Phan huy le

nguLe, Phan Huy ¹

IHENRY OGER (I-1885-1936?) uthole umsebenzi wakhe onesihloko esithi “Isu Labantu Abama-Annamese"Iminyaka engu-1908-1909, lapho wayeneminyaka engama-23- 24 kuphela futhi eyimfihlo enza umsebenzi wakhe wempi iminyaka emibili Hanoi (1907-1909). I Izifundo Eziphezulu Nesikole Esisebenzayo nezinkulumo zabasaziwayo baseMpumalanga abanjengoLOUIS FINOT noSYLVAIN LÉVY, zimhlomise ngolwazi oluyisisekelo ngomlando namasiko ase-Asia, kanye nothando lweSayensi. Njengoba enikezwe i-engeli yokubuka nemizwa, enesimo sokuqhathanisa maqondana nempucuko yaseNtshonalanga, uH. OGER wayesheshe wabona ukuthi impilo nemisebenzi yezandla Hanoi kanye nengxenye yalo kuqukethe izimfihlakalo ezazidinga ukutholakala. Umqondo wokucinga nentshiseko yentsha washeshe waletha imfihlo yaseFrance ezenzweni zesayensi ngenqwaba yemibono yokuqina nokudala. Ngaleso sikhathi sesikhathi, Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Indochinese (Đông dương tạp chí) wayeshicilele ngonyaka we-1907-1908 umsebenzi wokucwaninga owawunesihloko esithi Ama-Essays kumaTonkinese (Tiểu luận về người Bắc Kỳ) wesazi esaziwayo saseFrance uGUSTAVE DUMOUTIER (1850-1904). Lokhu kungumsebenzi wokucwaninga ezinhlaka zezenhlalo, kusuka emizaneni kuya emindenini, kanye namasiko nemikhuba, kanye nempilo yamasiko nempilo yenkolo eTonkin. H. OGER akafunanga ukucwaninga ngale ndlela ejwayelekile, esikhundleni salokho wayefuna ukuzichaza enye indlela esondelayo, kusukela ophenyweni oluphathelene nemvelo yenhlalo kanye ne-ethnographic, futhi ebeka phansi ngobuqili nangemininingwane impilo yezinto ezibonakalayo zabantu abaku Hanoi kanye nengxenye yalo. Zonke izinsuku, ephelezelwa umdwebi wezendabuko, wayezungeza yonke imigwaqo yase Hanoi kanye nemizana esondelene nayo, ilwela ukuthola nokuthola impilo ehlukahlukene yabathengisi, abasebenza ngezandla, abalimi, futhi benganaki nje ngebhukwana, kepha ngokuyinhloko ngemidwebo. Lokhu akuyona imidwebo egcwele imvelo yobuciko, kunalokho imidwebo ekhonkolo ekhombisa ezomnotho, amasiko, nemisebenzi yezenhlalo, kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ehlukahlukene, impilo ejwayelekile yansuku zonke yabantu ngokudla kwabo, ukuphuza, izijabulisa, imikhosi yabo, izinkolo zabo … Mayelana nemisebenzi yezandla, umlobi wangena ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinto zokwakha, amathuluzi, kanye nokukhombisa kanye nezigaba zomsebenzi wenqubo yokwenza. Esingenisweni esejwayelekile somsebenzi esinesihloko I-Technique ye-Annamese, umbhali uhlukanise izigaba ezine:
(1) Ubuciko obubangelwa ngezinto zemvelo,
(2) Craft processing izinto zemvelo,
(3) Ubuciko busebenzisa izinto ezisetshenzisiwe,
(4) Impilo yangasese neyomphakathi ye Isi-Annamese.

Lokhu kucishe kube yimidwebo eyisisekelo ehlukanisa imisebenzi yezandla ehlukahlukene kanye nempilo yezakhamuzi lapho umbhali wayehlolisisa futhi ephenya. Incwadi yashicilelwa unyaka nonyaka we-1910, noma kunjalo ukwakheka nesethulo kwakungeyona njengoba bekufanele kube njalo, njengoba kusacika ekuhlelweni kwemidwebo kukokodo, ngenkathi umbhali uqobo ebonile ukuthi: "Ukuthambekela kwamadokhumenti aqoqiwe, ngokusebenzisa imidwebo kunenzuzo enkulu, ngenkathi kungenakugwema konke ukuphazamiseka”. (Isandulela sikaH. Oger).

H. OGER wenze ucwaningo lwakhe lusebenza ezimeni ezinzima kakhulu, njengoba ecishe angalutholi usizo oluvela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni nezesayensi zaseFrance. Inani elithile labantu abanezinhliziyo ezinomusa limsizile ngenani lama-piastres angama-200 angawasebenzisa njengesikhwama ukufezekisa umsebenzi wakhe wokucwaninga. Uqashile Ababhali abangama-30 ngavula nomshini wokubhala obhalwe ngokhuni nowokudweba imidwebo lapho I-Hang Gai dolobhana indlu yomphakathi, eyalandela kamuva, yathuthelwa ku Vu Thach i-pagoda (okungukuthi, okwamanje, ku-Ba Trieu st. Isifunda saseHoan Kiem, eHanoi). Ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kwezimbili, ngaphezulu kuka Imidwebo ye-4000 aqoshwe emabhulokini okhuni, okuthi kuwo, ngendlela yokuphrinta yendabuko, anyatheliswe abe ngamaphrinta okuvimba izinkuni ngohlobo olukhethekile lwe I-Rhamnoneuron iphepha of Isigodi saseBooi (Isifunda saseTay Ho, eHanoi). Lokhu kuyiphrojekthi enikezwe futhi iphathwe, ngokubamba iqhaza kwenani elithile labasebenza ngokudwetshwa baseVietnam nababazi bezinkuni.

Le projekthi yenziwa phakathi nale minyaka emibili ngonyaka we-1908-1909 futhi ukushicilelwa kwayo kwenziwa ngonyaka we-1910 Hanoi ngezindlu ezimbili zokushicilela: UGeuthner futhi I-Jouve & Co. in Paris, kodwa umsebenzi oshicilelwe awunalo usuku lokushicilela. Kungaleso sizathu kungani kwakungekho diphozi lobunikazi eParis, ngenkathi imitapo yolwazi in France ungawugcini lo msebenzi oshicilelwe. In Vietnam, amakhophi amabili kuphela we H. OGERUmsebenzi olondoloziwe Umtapo Wezincwadi WaseHanoi futhi ku- Ilabhulali Yesayensi Jikelele ku I-HoChiMinh idolobha. Ngemuva kokushicilelwa, umsebenzi ophrintiweyo wakhohlwa isikhathi eside, njengempilo enzima yombhali wayo. Ngemuva kokuqeda umsebenzi wakhe wezempi, H. OGER ubuyele ku France Ngo-1909 futhi waya Ikolishi Lombuso. Ngo-1910, waqokwa njengesikhulu sezokuphatha ku Indochina, kwathi ngo-1914 wabuyela emuva France ngenxa yempilo yakhe embi. Kwagqashuka iMpi Yezwe, wazihlanganisa neButho. Ngemuva kokudilizwa, ngo-1916, waphinde wathunyelwa e-Indochina ukuyosebenza njengomphathi osizayo wedolobha lase I-Quang Yen. Kodwa-ke, imicabango yakhe yamasiko nemicabango yomphakathi ayihambelani neyodwa yesikhulu samakoloni, futhi leli qiniso lamenza wasolwa, waphenywa futhi, ngo-1919, waphoqeleka ukuthi abuyele France, futhi waqala ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1920. Ngemuva kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi wabikwa ukuthi ulahlekile ngo-1936? Iningi lemibono yakhe yamasiko nezenhlalo, kanye namaphrojekthi akhe amaningi okucwaninga wonke aphazamiseka. Umsebenzi ushicilelwe nesihloko esithi: “Kugcizelelwa empilweni yezinto ezibonakalayo, ubuciko nezimboni zabantu bakwa-Annam"(I-Essais sur la vie matérielle, ubuciko bezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni kanye nezimboni zazo), ngenkathi empeleni, inesibalo se-Encyclopedia mayelana nempilo ephelele yezakhamuzi Hanoi kanye nengxenye yalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu ukuqoqwa kwezimpawu zokuvimba izinkuni, ezinesitayela sokudweba abantu, kepha umehluko kuphela ukuthi awulandeli ncamashi iphethini futhi unyatheliswa kuphela ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, ohambisana nezichasiselo eNôm (Izinhlamvu zedemokrasi), E Chinese futhi ngo French. Ngokusebenzisa amaphrinta wokuvimba izinkuni, isibukeli singathola indlela ephelele yezimpilo zabahlali Hanoi, kusuka kubathengisi, abathengisi, abasebenza umsebenzi wezandla, abalimi, kanye nokufakwa kokukhiqizwa, izitolo, izimakethe, imigwaqo, izindlela zokuhamba, ukuya ezindlini, izindlela zokugqoka nokudla kwazo zonke izigaba zenhlalo, imisebenzi yamasiko, impilo yokomoya, izinkolo nokunye… Konke lokhu izakhi zivela ngendlela ecebile ngokusebenzisa izichitho ezicebile, ezihlukahlukene, ezibonakalayo ezivulekile, ezihambisana nezichasiselo ezimfushane nezimnandi. Umuntu futhi angabheka lokhu kuqoqwa kwezimpawu zokuvimbela izinkuni njengencwadi yomlando ezithombeni eziphawula impilo yangokwesiko yabakhileyo Hanoi kanye nengxenye yalo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokuqondene neNôm (Izinhlamvu zedemokrasi) ikakhulukazi, ngaphandle kwamafomu ahlukahlukene ahlukanisiwe, umuntu angathola kulo msebenzi izinhlamvu eziningi ze-Nôm eziqanjwe ngendlela yombhali ezihlobene Chinese.

Kwaze kwaba ngu-1970 kuphela, lapho inani leqiniso lokuqoqwa kwezithombe zokuvimba izinkuni zikaH. OGER zaqashelwa futhi zahlolwa kabusha, ngesihloko esasinesihloko esithi Iphayona lobuchwepheshe baseVietnam: HENRI OGER (I-1885-1936?) - ((Le pionnier de la technologie vietnamienne: UHENRI OGER (1885-1936?) ye-French Orientalist PIERRE HUARD, ekhishwe ku- I-Bulletin ye-French School of Extrême-Orient, I-1970 (I-Bulletin de l'Ecole française d 'Extrême-Orient, ngo-1970).

In I-Vietnam, ukuqoqwa kwezimpawu zokuvimba izinkuni ezigcinwe ku Umtapo Wezincwadi WaseHanoi akuphelele, futhi kusukela ngeminyaka engama-60, bekulokhu, okokuqala ngqa, kwethulwa ngumdwebi wezincwadi zomculi NGUYEN DO CUNG emihlanganweni eminingi yobuciko. Ngemuva kwalolo lwazi, inani elithile lezinhlangano zesayensi nososayensi baqala ukulifinyelela futhi balwethula ngenqwaba yabomagazini nezindawo zokusebenzela. Lowo ogcinwe ngaphakathi Saigon Ngaphambi kuka-1975, kwethulwa ezinye izazi kusukela ngo-1970. Ngemuva kuka-1975, leli qoqo lezindawo zokugcina izivimbi ligcinwe lapho ILabhulali Yezesayensi Okujwayelekile edolobheni laseHochiMinh, futhi ibilokhu idonsela ukunaka imibuthano yocwaningo kanye nabaphenyi abayethula kumamagazini wesayensi.

Ezinsukwini ezidlule, bekunzima impela ukuba izazi zibe nemibandela yokuxhumana neqoqo lonke lezimpawu zokuvimbela izinkuni ezigcinwe ku Hanoi futhi Idolobha laseHochiMinh, ngakho kwadingeka basebenzise imibhobho or ama-microphotographs okunikezwe yilezi zinhlangano ezimbili ezishiwo. Inani elikhulu kakhulu leli sethi lezincwadi, elingathathwa njengokuphindwaphindwa ngaphambili, okubhalwe phansi ifonetiki, ukuhumusha nezichasiselo, kuhlala eqinisweni lokuthi ihlinzeka izifundiswa ezweni nangaphesheya. kanye nabo bonke abanye abantu, ngomsebenzi wonke kaH. OGER, ngaleyo ndlela abasize ukuba baxhumane kalula nayo, bayitadishe, futhi bayazise.

… Qhubeka esigabeni 2…

BAN TU THU
06 / 2020

BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊ ISINGENISO NguProfesa Wezomlando PHAN HUY LE - UMongameli we Umlando Association of Vietnam - Isigaba 2.

AMANOTHI:
¹ : U-PHAN HUY LÊ (I-Thach Chau, isifunda se-Loc Ha, isifundazwe sase-Ha Tinh, 23 ngoFebhuwari 1934 - 23 Juni 2018) wayeyisazi-mlando saseVietnam kanye noprofesa womlando ngaleso sikhathi IHanoi National University. Ubhale izifundo eziningi ngomphakathi wasemaphandleni, amaphethini wokubamba umhlaba kanye noguquko lwabalimi ikakhulukazi, nasemlandweni waseVietnam jikelele. UPhan wayengumqondisi we Isikhungo Sezifundazwe ZaseVietnamese Nezangaphakathi at IVietnam National University, Hanoi. UPhan wayengowesikole sezazi-mlando, kufaka phakathi i-TRAN QUOC VUONG ehlukanisa 'Isi-Vietnamese-ness'ngaphandle kokuhlobene namathonya amaShayina. (Source: I-Wikipedia Encyclopedia)
² : Hlanganisa uProfessor, udokotela wePhylosophie emlandweni HUNG NGUYEN MANH, owayeyi-Rector of I-Hong Bang International University, ungumsunguli walawa mawebhusayithi: “Thanh dia Viet Nam Studies” - khadangwadia.com, "Izifundo ze-Holyland Vietnam" - Ngcwele. com ngezilimi eziyi-104, “Việt Nam Học” - vihibhoho.net, njll.
◊ Kuhunyushwe ngu-Asso. UProf. Hung, Nguyen Manh, PhD.
Isihloko se-Header nesithombe se-sepia esifakiwe sisethwe nguBan Tu Thu - khadangwadia.com