I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 2

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Nguyễn Khắc-Kham^*

… Kuqhutshelwa isigaba 1:

Isakhiwo semibhalo ye-Nôm **

    Ngokwazi okungakahlulelwa kusuka kulezi zingcezu zezincwadi zaseVietnamese ezingaphakathi Chu INôm, lo mbhalo awumnandi futhi awunangqondo njengoba abanye babagxeki beshilo. Eqinisweni, lalibuswa yimithetho eqondile futhi eqinile.

    Esifundweni sethu esedlule Ukubolekwa kwamanye amazwe eVietnam sinikeze izibonelo ezithile zamaphethini ayo amakhulu. Sizosebenzisa leli thuba ukuchaza ukwakheka kwalo ngokugcwele ngangokunokwenzeka ngezinto esinokufinyelela.

   Njengoba kubonwe kahle nguProf. I-Rokuro Kungenzekao, i-Vietnamese Chu INôm ikhombisa ukufana okufana nokwamaJapan Kana kanye namaJapan IKokuji 國 字. Okulandelayo ezinye izibonelo anikezwe zona. Ku kojiki 事 記, ukufundwa kokwethonizolo nokwesizungu kwezinhlamvu zamaShayina nazo ezisetshenziswa ku I-Chữ Nôm bobabili baqashwe ngumqambi wayo u-Oakukho Yasumaro. Ngakho-ke isethulo sefonetiki sisetshenziswa ngamagama afanele anjalo 須 佐 ngoku / susa / kwe, kwa / suga / kwe. Le ndlela yefoni ithathwe ngokuphelele engomeni edumile eqala ngayo “Yakumo tatu…” Ukumelwa koconetic akuyona into yamanje evelele ngaphandle kwamagama nezingoma ezifanele. Noma ngamagama afanele indlela yefoni ayivunywa njalo 速 須 佐 之 男 命 (hayasusanowo) ivezwe indlela ye-semantic ngaphandle 須 賀 / susa /, okubuye kuvame kulezi zibonelo 賀 宮 njengoba ku (Asinaduti) 名 椎 (Inada-akukho Miyanusi) njll. Ngaphandle kwalezi zibonelo ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla, uProf. I-Rokuro Kungenzekao wacaphuna nezimo lokhu {ima, ekuseni {fazime, Isikhathi {Toki, 雲 {kumo, 歌 {uta, 神 {Kami, kuqala {kuby. The hayi-i izinhlamvu ezisungulwe kabusha zitholakala kokubili eJapan naseVietnam, isb,  giời lwakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa umlingiswa futhi. Izinhlamvu zasungulwa eJapan, okuthiwa IKokuji (Uhlamvu lukazwelonkeisib.sasaki), (ukubhuqa), 杜 (morinjll) intuthuko ye- hayi-i izinhlamvu ngendlela efanayo ne Umlingiswa weNôm, giời.

    Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu kufana okusobala, ngokubheka umehluko phakathi kwezilimi zaseJapan nezaseVietnam ngokuqondene nohlelo lwazo lwezingcingo nesizinda esingokomlando samathonya wokubhala waseChina, isakhiwo Chu INôm ilondoloze imvelaphi yayo ehlukile, njengoba kukhonjiswe ngokucacile lapha ngamaphethini ayo ahlukahlukene wokubumba.

   Izinhlamvu zamaShayina ezibolekwe ngu I-Chữ Nôm ukumela i-morphene eyodwa ngesiVietnam kungasetjenziswa ngobunono noma ngokuhlanganiswa.

Kusetshenziswa uhlamvu olulodwa lwesiShayina ukumela

I-1) A I-morphene yaseVietnam yomdabu waseChinese, onokufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese kanye nencazelo yohlamvu lwesiShayina oluhambisanayo.
Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 頭 đầu (ikhanda), 袄 awu (ukuphanga, ukugqoka).

I-2) A I-morpheme yaseVietnam yemvelaphi yaseChinese eye yagcina incazelo yomlingisi ohambelana nesiShayina kepha ukufundwa kwesiVietnam kuye kwehluka kancane ekufundweni kweSino-Vietnamese komlingisi ohambelana nesiShayina.

I-Ex .: + uhlamvu lwesiShayina umthetho, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: pháp isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme phép (umthetho, umthetho). 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese 旗, Ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese kỳ isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme cờ (ifulegi).
+ Uhlamvu Chinese 橋, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: kiều isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme cầu (bridge).

I-3) A I-morphene yaseVietnam mhlawumbe odabuka eChina, nencazelo yakhe iyefana naleyo ehambelana nomlingiswa waseChina kepha okufundwa kwakhe kuqhathaniswa nokufunda kweSino-Vietnamese komlingiswa waseChinese kushintshiwe ngokuqinile.

Ex:  + Umlingiswa waseShayina 捲, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: Quyển isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme cuốn (ukugoqa). 
+ Umlingiswa waseShayina Incwadi, Ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese ban, bổn isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme vốn (capital, imali).

I-4) A I-morpheme yaseVietnam enencazelo efanayo nomlingiswa ohambelana nesiShayina kodwa okufundwayo kuye kuhluke kakhulu kokufundwa yiSino-Vietnamese.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 役, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: dịch, isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme việc (umsebenzi, umsebenzi, umsebenzi).

I-5) A I-morpheme yaseVietnam okufundwayo kufana ncamashi nokufana nokufunda kweSino-Vietnamese komlingisi ohambelana nesiShayina kepha incazelo yakhe ihluke ngokuphelele.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 戈, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: i-qua (inkemba, umkhonto) isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme i-qua (ukudlula). 
+ Umlingiswa waseShayina Cha, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: một (ukunyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukucwiliswa) isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme một (one).

    Kulezi zibonelo ezimbili, ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese komlingiswa waseChinese kuyafana ncamashi nokufundwa kwelesi sikhathi saseVietnam.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 朱 , Ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese chu (obomvu, i-vermilion) isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme Cho (ukunika). 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese 箕, Ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese ky or cơ (i-crible, sieve) isetshenziselwa ukumela i-Vietnamese morpheme kia (ngapho, lokho).

    Ezibonelweni ezimbili zokugcina, ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese komlingiswa waseChinese kucishe kufane nokufundwa kwe-morpheme yaseVietnam.

   enjalo Chu INôm njengoba kufakiwe esigabeni sesibili, sesithathu, sesine nesesihlanu ngenhla DươNg Quang Ham¹⁷ zazicatshangelwa Hồ NgOcẩn¹⁸ njengokwesigaba esifanayo se Chu INôm kumelelwe abalingiswa baseChinese ababafunda iSino-Vietnamese banikeza ukufana okuzwakalayo ngokufunda kwabo isiVietnam.

   Kukhona, ngokusho kokugcina, amacala ambalwa alokhu okufana okuzwakalayo ngokulandelayo:

1) Ukufana komsindo phakathi kokufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese komlingiswa waseChinese kanye nokufundwa kwe-morpheme eyodwa noma eziningana zaseVietnam ngaphandle kwesikhonkolo sokuqala.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina ibhodi, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: ban ingahle imele phan in INôm.

2) Ukufana komsindo njengo-syllable wokugcina noma kuphela njengononkamisa noma isinqobeleko sangaphambi kokhonsoli wokugcina.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 合, kungahle kufundwe hợp, hạp, hiệp or hộp.

3) Kwesinye isikhathi, ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese komlingisi waseChinese osetshenziselwa ukumela isimilo saseVietnam kuyahluka kokugcina ngumbhalo wokuqala kanye nokholamu wokugcina.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 職, Isi-Sino-Vietnamese: chức zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, chắc or giấc.

4) Ukufana komsindo kubhekwe njengayo yize umehluko wamathoni.

I-Ex .: + uhlamvu lwesiShayina 吟, Isi-Sino-Vietnamese ngam isetshenziselwa futhi ukumela, phakathi INôm, ngấm, ngẫm or ngậm.

    Ukuqonda lezi zibonelo ezingenhla nezinye I-Chữ Nôm, kufanele sazi ukuthi yimaphi amakhonsathi okuqala, yiziphi onkamisa noma izinhlanganisela zonkamisa, ezivumelanisa okokugcina egameni leSino-Vietnamese elihambelana nomlingiswa waseChinese kanye ne-Vietnamese morpheme ezomelwa kuyo INôm bekubhekwa njengokungenakuguquguquka

A) Ongwaqa bokuqala babhekwa njengokushintshana ukumelwa eNôm

a) Amakhonsathi okuqala b-, ph-, v-

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 卜, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: bốc ezimele ngaphakathi INôm ezifana Vietnamese morphemes njengoba bốc futhi bhoyi ingahle imele vốc; 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese ibhodi, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: bn zingase futhi zimelele INôm phản, b.n or ván.

b) Amakhonsathi okuqala c-, k-, gh-, qu-

    Oqaqaqa bokuqala c-, k-, gh-, qu- kusetshenziswa ukushintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina futhi, Ukufundwa kweSino-Vietnamese cập zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, cấp, gặp or kịp; 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese iqembu, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: quần, maylo asamelele kwesobunxele eNôm.

c) Amakhonsathi okuqala d-, t-, v-

    Oqaqaqa bokuqala d-, t-, v- kusetshenziswa ukushintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina Ucansi, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: tính or tánh ingahle imele okunamathelayo in INôm; 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese 停, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: đình zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, chitha or đành.

d) Amakhonsathi okuqala ch-, gi- futhi kaningi tr-, x-

  Oqaqaqa bokuqala ch-, gi- futhi kaningi tr-, x- kusetshenziswa ukushintshana.

I-Ex .: + uhlamvu lwesiShayina 執, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: inselele zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, Chup, giúp, xux, or xọp.

e) Amakhonsathi okuqala l-, r-, tr-

    Oqaqaqa bokuqala l-, r-, tr- kusetshenziswa ukushintshana.

Ex: + Umlingiswa waseShayina 律, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: luật zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, lOt, luột, lonke, rOt or i-trót.

B) Izinhlamvu zamagama ezibhekwa njengezishintshana ukumelwa ku- Chữ nôm

a) ác, ,c, ấc, ức, ước

    ác, ,c, ấc, ức, ước bekuvame ukuguquguquka.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina enyakatho, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: i-bắc zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, i-bấc, bực or isinyathelo.

b) ach, ếch, iếc, iz

   ach, ếch, iếc, iz bekuvame ukuguquguquka.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 役, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: dịch ingahle imele việc in INôm; 
+ Uhlamvu Chinese Bomvu, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: xích, zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, xếch or xệch.

c) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, futhi ngezinye izikhathi .a

   ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, futhi ngezinye izikhathi .a ziyaguquguquka.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina Ukusekela, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: chi ingahle imele i-chia in INôm;
+ Uhlamvu Chinese 皮, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: bì zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, bề or vừa.

d) am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iem, om, ôm, ơm, um, u

   am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iem, om, ôm, ơm, um, u bekuvame ukuguquguquka. 

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 冘, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: .am zingase futhi zimelele, ngaphakathi INôm, ââm, .em or đơm.

e) an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, ngo, uân, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn

    an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, ngo, uân, on, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn bekuvame ukuguquguquka. 

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 鄰, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: lan iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela ln in INôm.¹⁹

f) ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương

    ăng, âng, ung, ưng, ương bekuvame ukuguquguquka. 

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina Ibhodi, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: okuthunyelwe iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela, phakathi INôm, dâng or chừng.

g) ng, ng, ng futhi ngezinye izikhathi ưng

    ong, ông, čng futhi kwesinye isikhathi i-čng yayishintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina ngoba, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: dung iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela, phakathi INôm, djong, Dung.

h) anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ang, ưng

    anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ang, ưng bekuvame ukuguquguquka. 

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina Zala, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: sinh or sanh iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela siêng in INôm.

i) ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu

    ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu bekuvame ukuguquguquka.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 牢, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: i-lao iphinde yasetshenziswa njenge hsiai-shêng ukumela i-lao, Lau, trao or trau.

j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, phezulu, ưp, ươp

    ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, phezulu, ưp, ươp zazishintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina futhi, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: cập iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela, phakathi INôm, gặp, gấp or kịp.

k) at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, čt,

    at, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, čt, zazishintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 乙, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: ât iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela INôm, ắt, uth or it.

l) et, yebo, yebo, it

    et, yebo, yebo, it zazishintshana.

Isb.: + Umlingiswa waseChina 歇, Ukufundwa kwe-Sino-Vietnamese: hiết iphinde isetshenziselwe ukumela INôm hết or shaya.

NB: Kulezi zibonelo ezingenhla, siyakubona lokho okuningana Chu INôm zenziwa ngokushintsha hhayi kuphela amakhonsathi okuqala, kodwa nama-syllables okugcina futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namathoni.

Isb.: +  futhi kungafundwa cập, gặp, kịp or i-kíp; kungafundwa ngam, ngắm or gẫm.

… Qhubeka esigabeni 3…

BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊  I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 3.
◊  I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 1.

AMANOTHI:
¹⁵ Nguyễn Khắc-Kham,Ukubolekwa kwamanye amazwe eVietnam”, Izifundo Zasendaweni Namasiko, Cha 19, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1969 maq. 142-175.
¹⁶  Kono Rokuro,Ukubhalwa kwesiShayina kanye nethonya laso kuma-script amaNcwadi Wabantu Abasondelene Mayelana neKorea neJapan"Izikhumbuzi zoMnyango Wezokucwaninga weTogo Bunko (Umtapo Wezincwadi WaseMpumalanga) Cha 27. I-Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. pp. 117-123., 一 要 解 國國 [Nhất yếu giải quốc ngữ], 國 文法 辭典, 文學 博士 湯 氵 尺 吉 郎 監 介 參, 寺 瀨 男 編, 東京 堂 出版, ikhasi 66. 
¹⁷  Dương Quảng Hàm, "Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Ukubaluleka kweNdodana ku-l'étude de l'ancienne littérature Annamite", I-Bulletin de l'Instruction Publique de l'Indochine No 7, Mars 1942. NB Phakathi kwezibonelo zalo mkhakha wesine we-chữ nôm, uDương Quảng Hàm ucaphune nengxoxo yokuqala, kufundwa iSino-Vietnamese: vị (iphunga, ukunambitha) njengoba isetshenziselwa ukubhala i-Vietnamese morpheme mù. Kodwa-ke, lo mbhali ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka umlingisi waseChinese ufundwe mù ngumVietnam kusukela ekuqaleni kobukhosi bamaShayina uT'ang belingisa ukufundwa kwesiShayina. (cf. H. Maspero, “Quelques mots Annamites d'origine Chinoise" I-BEFEO, akukho-3, 1916, kk. 35-39). Ngokufanelekile kungenzeka kube a chu INôm usuku lwayo lwalungaphambi kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili. 
¹⁸ I-RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Văn chương An Nam, I-Littérature Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Missions Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933. pp. 162-166. 
¹⁹  Lesi sibonelo sinikezwe 竃 lo mbhali esikhundleni salokho, ngokusho Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, yayisetshenziselwa ukumela ku-nôm i-rn, i-rân or rên.

BAN TU THƯ
03 / 2020

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