UBUCHwephesha BABANTU BANGENAMANGAMI - Ingxenye 1: Latholwa kanjani futhi laqanjwa kanjani leli qoqo lemibhalo?
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(I-TECHNIQUE DU PEUPLE ANNAMITE)
by IHENRI OGER
i-French Orientalist yabantu base-Annamese
Echaza: Izici eziningi zezinto ezibonakalayo, ngokwengqondo futhi impilo kamoya.
Leyo: the I-Encyclopaedia konke amathuluzi, izitsha, ukuthinta, ukuziphatha, ama-silhouettes, futhi isimo sengqondo of impilo futhi ubuciko of abantu baseTonkinese-Annamese .
Hlanganisa uSolwazi, udokotela Wezomlando MANH HUNG NGUYEN
Igama lesidlaliso: Ihhashi lemithwalo emzaneni wasenyuvesi
Igama lepeni: I-Beetle
1.1 LELI SETHI LAMADOKHUMENTI LATHOLAKALA KANJANI FUTHI IQINISWE KANJANI?
1.1.1 Enhloko-dolobha yaseHanoi, kusukela ngeminyaka yama-50s kanye nama-60s, inqwaba yabadwebi abaziwayo abanjengoNguyễn Đỗ Cung, Trần Văn Cẩn njll… ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, lokho kuyingxenye yemibhalo abantu abashiwo ngenhla ababeyiqalile ukwenza uphenyo lokuthola iqiniso kanye nokufunda. Kamuva, iZikhungo ezihlukahlukene zocwaningo ezifana nalezi: i-Institute of History, i-Art Institute, i-Institute for the Compilation of Encyclopaedias, iSouth-East-Asia Institute, i-Chinese and Chinese transcribed Vietnamese Institute, i-Language Institute njll ... thintana nesethi yamadokhumenti eshiwo ngenhla.
Edolobheni langaphambili laseSaigon, mhlawumbe ngasekupheleni kwawo-60, i-Archaeological Institute kanye nabacwaningi abaningana babazi futhi bazama ukufunda ngalelo qoqo lokuqala lezincwadi, ikakhulukazi ngawo-70, lapho abantu bebona ukuvela kwenani lalezi zinhlamvu ezishiwo ngenhla. ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “IsiVietnamese Woodcuts, Ekuqaleni Kweyamashumi amabili Ikhulunyaka.” (1).
1.1.2 E-Paris, ngo-April 1978, i-Social Sciences Review (Paris) ishicilele incwadi isihloko esithi “Folk Art through 650 Newly Izingodo Ezibuyiselwe” (2).
Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, kwakuhlelwe uMbukiso eCultural House of the Town of Bourges (France) ebhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi abakhulu isihloko: "Abaculi abasafufusa baseVietnam" (3).
1.1.3 Ngemva kwalesi sihloko kanye nalesi Exposition inqwaba yomagazini baseVietnam phesheya baqhubeka nokwethula lezo zithombe zezinkuni, futhi umagazini we-Art Studies eHanoi nawo wawushicilele kabusha isihloko esishiwo ngenhla. (indaba No. 4/78).
Ngo-1985, umagazini we-Vietnamese Social Sciences Committee "I-Encyclopaedic Ulwazi ” yethule imidwebo engu-351 enesihloko esikhulu: I-Encyclopaedia in Images - ekhishwe ku- "Amasiko aseVietnam kanye I-Material Encyclopaedia'” - Ama-Woodcuts atholwa Abaculi Abangaziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. (4).
Muva nje, oshicilelweni lwayo lweNtwasahlobo onyakeni “Mậu Thìn” (Unyaka Wedrako), lo “Đất Việt” (Umagazini we-Vietnamese Land we-Association of Vietnamese ehlala eCanada wawusebenzise u-8 walezo ziqophamlando ukuze ufanekise izihloko zawo ezimayelana ne-Tết ngesichasiselo: “Okusha iqoqwe amapulangwe ekhulwini lama-20”, futhi njengamanje, elinye inani lomagazini nalo liyanaka lezo zithombe zokhuni futhi lizama ukuzisebenzisa.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, sibonile izicucu ezimbili zokhuni ezibonisa inyathi kwelinye ngalinye, ezakhethwa kulelo qoqo lemibhalo futhi zanyatheliswa kumagazini ukuze zisebenze njengemifanekiso yesihloko esithi: "The inyathi engenabuciko emidwebeni nemifanekiso eqoshiwe” (5).
Okufanele ukunakwa iqoqo lezincwadi ezethula isiko lethu lesizwe (6) lapho imifanekiso engama-26 kwengama-30 idwetshwa ngemva kwaleyo ekule sethi yemibhalo.
1.1.4 Okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuthi, nakuba le sethi yemibhalo yethulwe ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene futhi ngaphansi kwamafomu ahlukene, ayikaze yethulwe iyonke futhi ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho-ke, leli qiniso manje liphakamisa imibuzo eminingi edinga ezinye izimpendulo:
a. Kuyiqiniso yini ukuthi ngemuva kokuwela ekukhohlweni ukuphela kwesikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, isiphetho sengcebo enkulu yesizwe samasiko abantu baseVietnam "sesiqalile ukukhukhuleka - ngokunye ukunyamalala nokuvela kabusha - ngokuhambisana nokugeleza kwemicimbi" kusuka eHanoi (kuma-50'sku-Saigon (emva kwe-1954) bese “iphinde yanyamalala endaweni engaziwa ekude” (I-Paris-emva kuka-1975)?
b. Ingabe kulungile ukuthi amapulangwe kule sethi yamadokhumenti ayingxenye yomugqa omusha wemidwebo yabantu - ehlukile kwezijwayelekile zasesigodini sase-Đông Hồ noma umgwaqo u-Hàng Trống - noma lezi zithombe zokhuni. “uhlobo lobuciko"Noma"uhlobo oluhlukile locwaningo lwesayensi” akakabonwa?
Mhlawumbe, ohlelweni lwale ncwajana encane yesingeniso, akufanele singene kahle kuzo zonke izici zalezi zingodo futhi kufanele “ kuphela “zichaze njengoba zinjalo", Ukuvikela ukubabeka kubo"amanani angajwayelekile"Futhi ngaleyo ndlela ungahlosile"ukulimaza izindinganiso zabo zesayensi ezixakile"
_______
(1) NGUYỄN KHẮC NGỮ – “IsiVietnamese Ama-Woodcuts ekuqaleni kwe-20 ikhulunyaka” – I-Expounder Magazine – kusukela kumagazini No.1 kuya ku-10 ngo-1970.
(2) PHẠM NGỌC TUẤN – Folk Art through 650 Woodcuts esanda kutholwa - Social Sciences Review, Paris, inguqulo No. 4/78.
(3) PHẠM NGỌC TUẤN - Abadwebi Abancane baseVietnam - Ukuboniswa eNdlini Yezamasiko edolobheni laseBourges (France) kusukela ngoJuni 10, 1978 kuya kuJulayi 30, 1978, ehlelwe yi-Association of Vietnamese ehlala eFrance, esebenza ngokubambisana neMuseum of Man.
(4) Komagazini No. 3, 4, no-5, 1985 nakumagazini No.1, October 1985 (ukuphrinta kabusha okuhlukile).
(5) NGUYỄN QUÂN – Inyathi engenabuciko emidwebeni naseziqoshweni - Vietnamese Literature Magazine - ukukhishwa kwe-Tết Ất Sửu (Unyaka Wenyathi) (1985), p.12.
(6) NGUYỄN THỤ – Imifanekiso yesethi yezincwadi Ezingomeni Zomdabu kanye Nezinkondlo Zabantu BaseVietnam – Isigodlo Sesizwe Samasiko (ivolumu. 4) ihlanganiswe ngu-NGUYỄN TẤN LONG kanye no-PHAN CANH, Ishicilelwe yindlu yokushicilela i-Sống Mới ngo-1971 eSaigon.
1.2 EBHALISWE NJENGESIHLOKO SOCWANINGO LWESAYENSI FUTHI YENZA UMPHAKATHI NGOKUSEMTHETHWENI
1.2.1 Ngo-April 1984, sibhalise ngokusemthethweni le sethi yemibhalo njengesihloko socwaningo lwesayensi (1), ngaphansi kokuqondisa koMnyango Wezifundo Zefilosofi Wenyuvesi YaseHoChiMinh kanye nosizo lwe-Folk Arts Association kanye ne-Vietnam Plastic Arts Artists Association.
Sethule le sethi yamadokhumenti futhi sazama ukucacisa izindaba ezishiwo ngaphambili kusemina ehlelwe e-Hanoi ngoJulayi 13, 1985.
1 ku. Osolwazi BÙI KHÁNH THẾ (Professor Udokotela Wezilimi), CHU XUÂN DIỄN (USolwazi Wezincwadi Zomdabu), I-TRẦN CHÚT (Isekela-Nhloko yoMnyango Wezesayensi Yezenkolo eNyuvesi yaseHanoi) zisiqondise endleleni okufanele isetshenziswe ukwethula le sethi yamadokhumenti.
I-1b. Amakhosi ĐẶNG ĐỨC (umcwaningi ngesiShayina kanye nesi-Vietnamese esibhalwe ngesiShayina), UTrần Mai no-Hồ Nam, (abacwaningi bezamasiko) zisisizile ngezichasiselo.
I-1c. Osolwazi HOÀNG NHƯ MAI (UProfesa Wezincwadi), LÊ ĐÌNH KỴ (UProfesa we I-Literary Argumentation) TRẦN THANH ĐẠM (USolwazi Wezincwadi), NGUYỄN LỘC (USolwazi Wezincwadi), TRẦN THÁI ĐỈNH (Udokotela wefilosofi), LÊ VĂN HẢO (USolwazi Doctor in Ethnology) bafunde futhi benza iziphakamiso eziphathelene nombhalo wesandla.
1d. Mnu VÕ SĨ KHẢI (I-Archaeological umcwaningi), NGUYỄN NGỌC BÁCH (MS), DƯƠNG NGỌC DŨNG (Uthisha wesiNgisi) baye babuyekeza ukuhumusha okudala, futhi lokhu kuhumusha okusha okuhlelwe phansi kanye nokubuyekezwa ngomzuzu wokugcina kufinyelelwe nguMnu. VŨ ANH TUẤN (Umhumushi)
Kamuva, siqhubekile nokuyethula kwezinye izindawo ezahlukene (2) kanye nakumaVietnam ahlala phesheya lapho bebuya bezovakashela izwe lakubo.
(2) a. E-Hanoi, le sethi yamadokhumenti yethulwe kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
I-Hán-Nôm Institute, I-Language Institute, uMnyango we-Vietnamese eNyuvesi yase-Hanoi.
b. EDolobheni lase-HoChiMinh: IKomidi le-HoChiMinh City Social Sciences, i-Patriotic Intellectuals 'Association, i-Medicine Association, iQembu Lomlando, i-Southern Women's Memorial Hall, i-Youth Publishing House, iRepresentation Permanent ye-Cultural Institute, iNgqungquthela yesi-4 yezilimi zaseMpumalanga I-Socialist Nations, ihlelwe ngoNovemba 22,1986 enyuvesi yaseHoChiMinh.
1.2.2 Izindaba eziphathelene nalolu chungechunge lwemibhalo zazenziwe emaphephandabeni nasemaphephandabeni ahlukahlukene (1) futhi ochwepheshe abaningi baye bayihlola ngaphansi kwezici eziningi:
a. Incwadi yomlando esezithombeni, nakuba ingaphelele, ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yekhono layo lokubonisa izinto ezingokoqobo kanye nokukhombisa izici ezihlukahlukene zempilo yezenhlalo yesizwe sethu ngaleso sikhathi. Le sethi ye-woodcuts nayo ihlanganisa umnikelo obalulekile “esizwe sakithi umcebo wendabuko wokudweba” (I-Fig.1)
Ngokuka-HOÀNG THAO - Iqoqo langempela le-woodcuts-People's Journal July 20, 1985.
Umfanekiso 1: UHLU-WENYATHI (kukhiqizwa kabusha ngesithombe esenziwe nge-terracotta)
b. Amapulangwe amahle, afana nempilo, futhi acwenge kakhulu ahlobene eduze nemidwebo yabantu eyaziwa kakhulu yasesigodini sase-Đông Hồ kanye nomgwaqo u-Hàng Trống. (I-Fig.2)
… Ngeminyaka yawo-50s, abadwebi abaziwayo, u-Nguyễn Đỗ Cung kanye no-Trần Văn Cẩn babone lelo qoqo lezingodo e-Hanoi, futhi muva nje, umcwaningi u-Nguyễn Mạnh Hùng wenze esidlangalaleni ikhophi yasekuqaleni ekhona edolobheni lase-HoChiMinh.
Imidwebo ye-PV engaphezu kuka-4000 eyakhiwe ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 isanda kutholwa - Ibutho Labantu, ngoJulayi 20, 1985.
Umfanekiso 2: I-CARP DLALA NENYANGA (Vietnamese Folk-imidwebo)
c. Mayelana naleli sethi lemidwebo eyenziwe ngokhuni yabantu yenani eliphakeme elingajwayelekile, uSolwazi-Academician Trần Văn Cẩn, uSihlalo we-Association of Plastic Arts Artists of Vietnam uyahlola:
“Le sethi yemidwebo yokhuni lwabantu ine- inani eliphezulu kakhulu lobuciko. Abaculi bakudala izikhathi ziye zapenda le midwebo efana nempilo ithalente le-maestro yangempela. Ebuka lezi imidwebo namuhla, sizizwa sifuna kabusha thina (I-Fig.3). Ukucabangela kuphela ipulasitiki i-engeli yobuciko, leli qoqo lokudweba elivelele usinikeze izifundo eziwusizo ngempela”.
I-PV Iqoqo elikhethekile lemidwebo yabantu - Newsweek July, "20, 1985.
Umfanekiso wesi-3: UKUSHELELA NGENSIZWA EHLALAYO
(isijeziso somfundi obhale ngokungalungile uhlamvu lwesiShayina)
d. UProfesa Wezomlando u-Phan Huy Lê uyaphawula:
“Leli yiqoqo elingokomlando lemidwebo eziphathelene nempilo yabantu bakithi okwedlule, nokusuka kuzo zonke izinhlaka zokuxhumana imisebenzi ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha kanye impilo yamasiko. Ngaphezu kwe-4000 yezinkuni zakha okuphilayo, okuhlukahlukene, futhi ngokwedlulele umbhalo ocebile osivumela ukuthi sifunde ngawo amasiko, imikhuba, nezinkolelo zabantu bakithi esikhathini esidlule somlando”. (Fig.4)
I-PV Iqoqo elikhethekile lemidwebo yabantu - Newsweek July 20, 1985.
Umfanekiso 4: TALISMAN
(ukuqeda imimoya emibi, ukwelapha izifo, ukugcina umuzi womuntu unokuthula)
e.… “Lonke iqoqo liqukethe okwengeziwe imidwebo yezinkuni ezingaphezu kuka-4000, ependwe ngabethu abaculi bakudala, baqoshwe, futhi baphrinte ngesandla eminyakeni 1908-1909 eHanoi. Konke imidwebo inezinganekwane ezinemininingwane ngesiShayina futhi IsiShayina sabhala isiVietnamese, sichaza okuqukethwe kwabo okuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene enjalo njengokukhiqiza, ukuzalanisa (I-Fig.5), imikhosi, imikhuba, ukuzijabulisa kwabantu bakithi at the ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka”.
Sethula iqoqo lemidwebo yabantu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 - iNew Hanoi, ngoJulayi 20, 1985.
Umfanekiso wesi-5: UKUHLABWA KWENYATHI
f. “Ingaphezu kuka-4000 imidwebo yabantu ebukeka kanje iqoqo lomlando ezithombeni, elibonisa ezethu isimo somdabu sokuphila sabantu esikhathini esedlule, futhi ehamba emagatsheni ahlukahlukene futhi ubungcweti emphakathini wethu wendabuko ukuze imisebenzi engokomoya nengokwenyama (I-Fig.6), abaculi bomdabu baye baqaphela ngokudlulele indlela ehlakaniphile futhi ecacile. "
Isemina Yesayensi ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwemidwebo yabantu engaphezu kuka-4000 yenziwa umphakathi - Liberated Saigon nsuku zonke, July 17, 1985.
Umfanekiso wesi-6: UMNCINTISWANO WOKUPHIKA ILAyisi
g. ..."Kodwa, mhlawumbe into eyigugu kakhulu inani leqoqo lemibhalo ezithombeni, enezichasiselo ngesiShayina nesiShayina esilotshwe isiVietnamese (I-Fig.7) (2), esiqophe ngendlela eyanele imisebenzi yabantu abaningi bakithi ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule.
Ukuvikela ifa lamasiko kazwelonke elidala kuwumsebenzi walesi sizukulwane esisha, njengoba sisenesikhathi esiningi ngaphambi kwaso sokufunda isiko lesizwe ezinsukwini zakudala”.
HUỲNNH DŨNG NHÂN – Intsha YangeSonto, umagazini No. 24/85, August 25, 1985.
Umfanekiso wesi-7: INKWANE EPEKWA NGAMAKHASHA EMITHI
(ngonyaka weNkawu - 1908 - umuntu usebenzisa amakhambi okwelapha ukuluka inkawu futhi ayigcine endlini. Kamuva, lezi zitshalo zazingasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo)
h. …“Mhlawumbe lokhu kunengqondo isingeniso emikhakheni eminingi yokufunda njenge: izincwadi zabantu, i-ethnography kanye nenhlalo yabantu (I-Fig.8). Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli qoqo eliqukethe kwemidwebo engaphezu kuka-4000 iphinde ibonise eyangempela ubuciko bepulasitiki ukubaluleka kwabaculi abaqoshiwe be lezo zinsuku zakudala".
HỒ KIM – Mayelana nokuqoqwa kwemidwebo yabantu engaphezu kuka-4000 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 - IRoman Catholic yaseVietnam, ushicilelo No. 32, Juni 11, 1985.
Umfanekiso wesi-8: UKUBHIMBANA (I-Terracotta)
i. ... “Ngomqondo wokuzethemba futhi umcwaningi wokubambisana kwezesayensi u-Hùng une wangibonisa lonke iqoqo lakhe lamadokhumenti, futhi wangitshela ngezinzuzo zakhe ngokusebenzisa eziningi iminyaka yocwaningo nokufunda; naye wangivumela yazi ngezinkinga ezisasele engazinzile, kanye nokujikijela ngendaba kanye nokulindela ezinsukwini ezizayo. Sibonga u amandla akhe okuhlala nomsebenzi wakhe onzima, manje useyakwazi ukuqonda nokuchaza kabanzi imidwebo engaphezu kuka-4000 enezinganekwane ngesiShayina ebhaliwe isiVietnamese; futhi ikakhulukazi ku bona izinsalela zangempela ezishiywe amaHải Ulimi lwesi-Hưng – u-Hải Hưng uyizwe lendabuko yabaculi. Nokho, njengoba eminye imidwebo ifaka okuqukethwe yimpicabadala, kuye kwadingeka axhumane nabaningi osolwazi, nabantu abadala abavela eNyakatho IVietnam ukuze ikwazi ukuthola izimpendulo ezifanele ” (I-Fig.9).
ĐẶNG ĐỨC, – Văn Nghệ (Umagazini wezincwadi), okukhishwayo Nos. 5-6, February 1, 1986 – Unyaka Omusha Wezinyanga u-Bính Dần (Unyaka wengwe) 1986.
Fig 9: UKUCELA UMPHEFUMULO UBUYISE UKUBA UFAKE IKHEFU LAKHE NGAPHAMBI KOKUNGCWATSHWA.
j. …“Le midwebo, ependiwe ibheke ku ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, bekulokhu kuzuzwe ngesu eliphezulu langempela, futhi babe yabonisa impilo yamaVietnam ngaleso sikhathi. Abaningi phakathi kwabo banocwaningo oluphakeme lwesayensi amanani, ikakhulukazi mayelana i-ethnography.” (I-Fig. 10).
(Imidwebo yabantu abangu-4000 eqoqwe - iVietnam Isikhungo Sezindaba Hanoi - VNA - Julayi 16).
Umfanekiso we-10: UMCIMBI WOKUBHEDA
(Eminye yemikhosi eyisithupha yomshado, inceku iphethe ithreyi le-betel
ne-reca ekhanda lakhe, umyeni enesambulela, uninazala
ngesigqoko sakhe esinompheme obanzi esingahlukaniseki)
k. …”Izinhlangano ezehlukene zamasiko ziye sungula amathimba abacwaningi abaphethe ukunquma imithombo yale midwebo, kanye ukuthola i-curriculum vitae yabadwebi. Umuntu unethemba lokuthi amakhophi okuqala angatholakala futhi yanyatheliswa kuma-fascicles amaningana”.
Iqoqo elimangalisayo - I-Courrier yaseVietnam - Septhemba 1985.
l. …”Kudingeka isikhathi esengeziwe ukwenza amalungiselelo adingekayo ngenxa ukushicilela leli qoqo le-Vietnamese Folk Imidwebo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, njengoba lokhu kuyifa eliyigugu kubantu abacebile besizwe sakithi ingcebo yamasiko, futhi futhi ngoba lokhu ukushicilelwa kuhloselwe ukulondoloza kanye nobubanzi sethula ubuciko bepulasitiki baseVietnam kweyethu abantu ezweni nangaphandle” (3)
"Ukuchaphaza cishe izinyawo zomuntu emanzini,
nokuphonsa inetha lokucwilisa ukuze kubanjwe izinkulungwane yezinhlanzi ezinkulu... "
“Okuqukethwe kuleli qoqo lemidwebo kuthinta izici eziningi zempilo emphakathini wendabuko waseVietnam (I-Fig.11), ukungabe kusakhawulelwa ngaphakathi kwenkundla yezobuchwepheshe.
Umfanekiso 11: UKUKHULISA INETHA LOKUDOBA
Lolu wuhlobo lwenetha eliyisikwele elelukwe ngesandla, elenziwe ngemicu yelineni enobukhulu obuhlukanisiwe ukusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-2 wamamitha, futhi linesigxobo sokuphatha esingamamitha amathathu noma amane, esisetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlanzi nezimfanzi emanzini ajulile, angashoni kunomuntu. ubude (umfula, umsele, ichibi, ichibi...); umhuduli ngokuvamile ufaka ubhasikidi ebhandeni lakhe ukuze abambe izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe nezimfanzi. Kunohlobo lwenethi elikhulu, elibizwa nge-raft-net, elifakwa engxenyeni yomfula phakathi kwemithombo yamanzi emibili eshintshanayo futhi elineqhugwana abantu abangahlala kulo futhi babukele khona lapho. Kodwa, kukhona futhi uhlobo olunyakazayo lwenethi elihudulwayo, umhuduli anobhasikidi okhalweni lwakhe, kanye nohlobo lwenetha elincane lokubamba izimfanzi okuwucezu oluncane lwendwangu.
Phakathi kwemidwebo engaphezu kuka-4000, singabona ukuthi cishe i-1000 yayo ingeyokuphawula imvelo, ependwe ngendlela elula kakhulu futhi ebonisa izinto ezilula ezifana nesitebhisi, isibani (I-Fig.12) udaka, inhlaka, isaha nokunye... Kukhona eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinopulasitiki omkhulu ukubaluleka kobuciko, okucebile kumafomu epulasitiki yezimboni ukuthi izonikeza abacwaningi izinto eziyigugu amadokhumenti endaweni yokubuka."
MAI TRAN – … 4000 imidwebo yabantu ekuqaleni kwaleli khulunyaka – Religious Review, September, 1985.
Umfanekiso we-12: ISIbane samafutha
m. “Ngenxa yesidingo ekhombisa inhloso ebambekayo, noma yokubuka ukuphawula isici esithile sempilo, ezinye zazo imidwebo ephawulayo, ebonisa izigcawu ezinjalo njengokuthunjwa (I-Fig.13), ihhoko lezingulube (I-Fig. 14), ukuchama noma abantu abancengayo njll ... basale ngokwendalo. ”…
I-ĐẶNG ĐỨC - Iqoqo lemidwebo yabantu ye-woodcut ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, elibonwa nge-plastic art angle -Folk Culture, ukukhishwa No. 3/1986.
Umfanekiso 13: UKUKHANYA (ikhanda lijikijelwa njengoba linqunyiwe)
Ngokuvamile, akekho umlimi ongacabangi ngokuzalanisa izingulube ukuze athole umquba wensimu yakhe yerayisi. Uma kungenjalo mpofu kakhulu futhi esimweni esinzima, umuntu kufanele okungenani abe ne-pigsty eyenziwe ngama-bamboo slats alukiwe futhi embozwe ngamahlamvu, uhlangothi ngalunye cishe ngamamitha amabili noma amathathu ubude. (njengesithombe esiboniswe ku lesi sithombe). Abantu abasesimeni esingcono sezimali bebengagcina igumbi elizosetshenziswa njengendawo yezingulube. Kwezinye izindawo, abantu bakha isibaya sezingulube kanye ne-cesspool, noma bayibeke eceleni kwekhishi, bakhe izindonga zobumba futhi balungise izigxobo nxazonke, beyibiza ngokuthi. "chem" (i-pigsty in Vietnamese), ukuze izingulube zingakwazi ukuhlupha indlu. Abantu abacebile babezakhela izitini ngezitini. Ngaphakathi esibayeni abantu babeka amakhoba, utshani, utshani ukuze izingulube zilale phezu kwazo, amakaka, zichame. Lapho ubulongwe buba muncu, bazobeka phezu kwawo olunye ungqimba lwamakhoba, utshani notshani ukuze benze umgodi wobulongwe. Lena indawo esetshenziselwa ukubeka isitokwe nokumboza ubulongwe obubizwa ngokuthi i-pit-dung, okuwuhlobo lomquba oyinhloko osetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphansi, njengoba kubantu basezindaweni ezinezintaba noma ezindaweni ezinezintaba, basebenzisa ubulongwe obuluhlaza kuphela njengoba ezindaweni ezishiwo izingulube zivunyelwe zulazula.
Umfanekiso 14: Ingulube
n. Ngesayensi yanamuhla emangalisayo kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe, asinakho nje kuphela ama-encyclopaedia aphrintiwe, kodwa sinazo nezinye uhlobo olufana ne-encyclopaedia ezithombeni, i-soundencyclopaedia, i-projected-slide encyclopaedia kanye ne-computerized encyclopaedia. Lapha, sesikhona ukubhekana ne-Vietnamese Encyclopaedia in Izithombe ezivele ekuqaleni kwalokhu ikhulunyaka…”.
LÊ VĂN HẢO - Umsebenzi wamasiko ongandile futhi oyigugu engcebweni yamasiko yaseVietnam: imidwebo ye-4577 ye-woodcut yabantu ku-Vietnamese Encyclopaedia in Images of the Vietnamese artists ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 - Liberated Saigon, okukhishwa ngoJulayi 16 no-17, 1987.
o. “Empilweni yamasiko nezobuciko kulezi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kwakukhona iqiniso elakhanga ukunaka kwabantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo emkhakheni wezobuciko, igatsha lezamasiko kanye nokunye amanye amagatsha esayensi yezenhlalo: amasiko athile, izinhlangano zobuciko, nesayensi yezenhlalo ziye isebenze ukwenza umphakathi iqoqo elikhulu yemidwebo yamapulangwe eyayipendwe endaweni ekuqaleni kwaleli khulunyaka…”
I-QUỐC ANH - Ukuvuselela inani leqoqo lemidwebo yamapulangwe ependwe ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lamashumi amabili - Izifundo Zamasiko Nobuciko - Umnyango Wezamasiko - Ukukhishwa No 2/1988 (ikhasi 48).
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(1) Okufana, Ukubuyekezwa Kwezindaba ZaseVietnam, Ijenali Yabantu, Ijenali Yezempi Yabantu, I-New Hanoi, I-Liberated Saigon, Ukubuyekezwa Kwezenkolo, I-Newsweek, I-Vietnamese Roman Catholic, “Le Courrier du Vietnam” (ngesiFulentshi), Ifilimu Yentsha, Ukubuyekezwa Kwezincwadi (ukukhishwa kwe-Tết Bính Dần 1986), Ulwazi Lwanamuhla, ukukhishwa No 2/88...
(2) Inkawu ephothwe ngamakhambi okwelapha futhi echazwe ngomugqa wezinhlamvu zesiShayina ofundeka kanje: “Ngosuku lwe-Đoan Dương Tết (usuku lwesihlanu lwenyanga yesihlanu), abantu basebenzisa amaqabunga e-safran ukuze baluke umfanekiso wesilwane, kuye ngonyaka omelelwe. ngesilwane esinjalo noma esinjalo”. Unyaka uMậu Thân (1908) okungunyaka weNkawu. ngakho-ke beluka umfanekiso wenkawu bawubiza ngokuthi “Hầu tử”, base bewulengisa phezu komnyango omkhulu ukuze baqede amashwa. Kamuva, uma othile emndenini kwenzeka egula nge-enteritis, abantu babethatha amaqabunga e-safran kulowo mfanekiso ukuze abe umuthi.
(3) Phakathi neSemina, uSihlalo weKomidi Eliyinhloko le-Vietnamese United Association of Literature and Arts - imbongi u-CÙ HUY CẬN - egqugquzelwe umdwebo wesintu onesihloko esithi "Dip net raising" (I-Fig.11) uqambe amavesi amabili ashiwo ngenhla.
BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊ INDLELA YOKUQHUBA YABANTU BESINAMANESE - Kwethulwa isethi yemibhalo - Ingxenye 2
BAN TU THU
12 / 2019