INDLELA YOKUQHUBA YABANTU BESINAMANESE - Kwethulwa isethi yemibhalo - Ingxenye 2
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HUNG NGUYEN MANH
Hlanganisa uSolwazi, udokotela Wezomlando
Igama lesidlaliso: Ihhashi lemithwalo emzaneni wasenyuvesi
Igama lepeni: I-Beetle
… Qhubeka…
Amagama angakwesokudla ombhali womsebenzi namafomu Wawo wokushicilela
2.1.1 Lona umsebenzi wokucwaninga onesihloko esithi: "Isu Labantu Abama-Annamese by UHenri Oger" enemibhalo eqoqwe eMidland of North Vietnam, ikakhulukazi Hanoi eminyakeni 1908-1909.
2.1.2 Wonke umsebenzi utholakale ngaphansi kwamafomu amabili wokushicilela:
a. Iqoqo lezincwadi elinesihloko "Isingeniso Esivamile Ekucwaningweni Kwamasu Wabantu Base-Annamese" (1) - Indatshana ngempilo yezinto ezibonakalayo, ezobuciko nezimboni zabantu base-Annam.
b. I-albhamu equkethe imidwebo yezinkuni engaphezu kuka-4000, enesihloko futhi “I-Technique of the Annamese” (2) uHenri Oger abiza: "I-Encyclopaedia yazo zonke izinsimbi, izitsha, nakho konke ukusizakala empilweni nobuciko beTonkinese Annamese".
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(1I-HENRI OGER - Isingeniso esijwayelekile ku-Study of the Technique yabantu base-Annamese - I-Essay ngempilo ebonakalayo, ezobuciko kanye nezimboni zabantu base-Annam - Geuthner, Librarian and Editor.Jouve and Co Printers - Editors - Paris.
(2) I-HENRI OGER - Itheknoloji yabantu base-Annamese - I-Encyclopedia yazo zonke izinsimbi, izitsha, nakho konke ukushukuma kwempilo nempilo yabantu baseTonquinese-Annamese - Iphepha lansuku zonke leFrench Indochina -114 Jules Ferry St. - Hanoi.
Umdwebo 15: Isingeniso esijwayelekile esifundweni se-TECHNIQUE OF ANNAMESE PEOPLE - An essay on the okokusebenza, ubuciko kanye nezimboni zabantu abathunyelwayo nguHENRI OGER
2.2 Imininingwane ephathelene nesethi yezincwadi enesihloko “ISINGENISO SOKUQHUBEKA KOBUCHWEPHESHE YABANTU BAMAHHALA ”(fig. 15)
2.2.1 Leli iqoqo lezincwadi ezibhalwe ngesiFrentshi ngu-Oger futhi zashicilelwa eParis ngamakhophi angama-200. Ngamunye wabo unamakhasi ayi-159 (U-Oger wenze iphutha ku-pagination njengoba empeleni kunamakhasi ayi-156), nemifanekiso engama-32. Phakathi kwamakhasi ayi-156, angama-79 awo abhekene nezindlela zokusebenza, ukwethula, ukushicilela, ubuciko bomdabu nemisebenzi yempilo yansuku zonke; Ama-30 asebenza ngezinkomba eziphathelene nenqubo ejwayelekile, amasu we-Chinese, imidlalo, (16) namathoyizi, angama-40 awo aqukethe okuqukethwe nezichasiselo zepuleti ngalinye ku-albhamu nakokuqukethwe okujwayelekile.
Umdwebo 16: I-TIGER IBAMBA INGULUBE (Umdlalo wezingane wokubamba ingulube).
Izingane zime embuthanweni nomunye wazo ngaphakathi esebenza njengengulube,
elinye njengehlosi ngaphandle
2.2.2 Engxenyeni yethula ubuciko bomdabu - ingxenye eyodwa yokuqukethwe okuyinhloko yale ncwadi - uHenri Oger uchaze imisebenzi eminingi yezandla efana nomsebenzi we-lacquer, efekethisiwe, umama-we-pearl, ukubaza izinkuni, ukwenza amaphepha neminye imisebenzi yezandla, kuthathwa yi-Oger njengokuvela ephepheni elifana ne: i-parasol nokwenziwa kwabalandeli, imidwebo enemibala, ukuphrinta izincwadi. Ngemuva kwalokho uH. Oger wabhekana nezinombolo eziningi ze- “Izimboni zomdabu” njengokwakhiwa kwezindlu, izinto zokuhamba, ukusika izindwangu (17), okokugqoka, ukudaya, imboni yokudla, ukucutshungulwa kwelayisi, ukwenziwa kwempuphu yelayisi, ukudoba kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagwayi…
I-Fig.17: UKULULA
2.2.3 Esebenzisana nemisebenzi yezandla yomdabu, uH. Oger unake futhi wagcina iso elibukhali emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe. Urekhode isenzo ngasinye, isenzo ngasinye, uhlobo ngalunye lwezinsimbi, futhi uye wakhuluma ngezinto zokwakha, ikhwalithi, izihloko, izimo zokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, nokuqhathanisa nemikhiqizo yaseJapan, China… Ukufingqa ngamafuphi, uH. wezinto eziningi ezenziwe ngezandla ngaleso sikhathi ngombono wakhe owawungenakukugwema ukuzithoba ngandlela thile, futhi kwase kufinyelele ekuhlolweni okuvamile okuhlose ukusebenzela indlela yaseFrance yokubusa. Ake sifunde izincazelo ezimbalwa ezilandelayo:
a. “Iningi lababukeli abake bahlala ku-Annam livame ukubhala kudayari yabo ye-Journey ukuthi: zonke izimboni zibonakala zingekho futhi azibalulekile ku-Annam. Futhi bebevame ukuthi: thina (okungukuthi amaFulentshi) akumele sibeke phansi iminikelo yezingcweti zomdabu kwinhlangano yezomnotho efisa ukusatshalaliswa kuleli ”.
b. U-Oger ubonile. "Abalimi baseVietnam akudingeki baphile impilo enzima unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwalokho bavame ukuba nezinsuku ezinde zokuzilibazisa. Ngalezo zinsuku zokuphumula, abalimi bayobuthana futhi besebenza njengeqembu lezisebenzi (18) nemikhiqizo eyenziwe kuzoba isengezo sezezimali umsebenzi wokutshala irayisi ongakwazanga ukulethela sona, ikakhulukazi ngohlobo lwerayisi lase-Indochinese ”.
Umdwebo.18: ISIQINISEKISO SESIKHATHI SE-CRACMA
c. Yini inhlangano yezisebenzi? NgokukaH. Oger: "Inhlangano inamaphuzu amabili aphambili: abasebenzi basebenzela umqashi ekhaya, futhi umqashi ufika ezindlini zabasebenzi ezolanda imikhiqizo yabo".
d. Kwesinye sahluko uH. Oger ubhale:
“IVietnam izwe elikhiqiza upende oluningi, futhi upende osenyakatho ushibhile ikakhulukazi. Ngakho-ke, yonke impahla esetshenziswa nsuku zonke imbozwe ungqimba wepende, obavikela ekushiseni okushisa okubangela ukuba izindatshana zokhuni zisheshe zichithwe (19). Upende owakhiqiwe awanele ngokwanele ukusetshenziswa ezweni, kodwa futhi uyatholakala ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu wabathengisi abakhulu eCanton ukungenisa ezweni labo ”.
Umdeni.19: ILAKHAYA LOKUFUNDA
e. Ukwakha umbono we-laceterware we-vietnamese ngaleso sikhathi, u-Oger ucabanga ukuthi: "Indlela yeVietnam enobuhlakani ayibucayi futhi ayinangqondo njengeyaseJapan. AmaVietnam asakaza kuphela ungqimba lwepende yekhwalithi ekhethekile phezu kwezinto zokhuni noma zoqalo, ezazisakazeka kahle ngaphambili, futhi zisebenzisa ubumba oluhle ukukholisha iziphambeko, bese zithengisela abantu abampofu imikhiqizo. Ngaleso sizathu, izinto ezimbozwe yilolo ungqimba wepende zazivame ukwenziwa zibe bomvu futhi zinamathele ”
f. Ukubhekana nesihloko sokuhlobisa, u-Oger ucabanga ukuthi i-laceterer ye-vietnamese iboleka kuphela kusuka "Izimpawu zeSino-Vietnamese" njengalembethe, "usesendaweni yakhe yezifundo eziningi ezivela eChina azazihlanganisa kabi". Ekugcineni, u-Oger ukholelwa ukuthi i-laceterer ye-vietnamese ayizami ukubheka izifundo ezintsha zokuhlobisa "Ukusuka kokhokho besiya ezizukulwaneni, banikeze omunye wabafundi izihloko eziningi ezithile umqambi othile ongaziwa azithola ngomyalo wangaphambili '"
Kwesinye isahluko, siyabona ukuthi u-Oger ubenake kakhulu izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamathuluzi nokushukuma komzimba…
g. “Uhlaka lokufeketha luhlobo lokuqalisa olulula. Lolu luhlaka olungunxande olwenziwe ngoqalo (20). Ibekwe emibhedeni emibili yekamu, bese ucezu lukasilika luzobekwa ngaphakathi kuyo. Abantu baqinisa ucezu lukasilika ngemicu emincane ehlanganiswe ngohlaka loqalo. Ngokuqondene nephethini efekethisiwe, idwetshwe kusengaphambili ephepheni le-annamese, uhlobo lwephepha elikhanyayo nelicolekileyo. Iphethini ibekwa esitendeni soqalo esivundlile, bese enye isakaza phezu kwayo ishidi elisobala lephepha lelayisi noma ucezu lukasilika. Kusetshenziswa ibhulashi lepeni, umfekethisi udlulisela ngqo iphethini esiqeshini sikasilika. Esahlukweni sokuthola iqiniso esiphathelene nomdwebi okhiqiza imidwebo yabantu, thina (isib. IsiFulentshi) sizohlangana futhi ngaleyo ndlela enekhono evumela umuntu ukuba azale kuze kube phakade ”.
Fig.20: imifekethiso Uzimele
h.“Umsebenzi wezembatho (21) kudinga ukukhandleka okwengeziwe nokuxebuka nokuxakeka kunobuhlakani. Ngaleso sizathu umuntu uvame ukuqasha izinsizwa noma izintombi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izingane zenze lo msebenzi. Umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ukudala kabusha ukwakheka ngemicu ehlukahlukene enombala. Umfekethisi uhlala phambi kohlaka, izinyawo zakhe zeluliwe ngaphansi kwalo. Ubamba inaliti ibheke phezulu phezu kwesiqephu sikasilika bese edonsa ngokuqinile intambo angavumeli mabala axegayo. Lokhu kuyindlela yokugcina imidwebo isesimweni esihle futhi ihlala njalo. Eceleni kwakhe kukhona isibani, njengoba kufanele asebenze imini nobusuku ukuhlangabezana nama-oda amaningi.
Umdwebo.21: UMBHALI WEZIMBALI
Isibani lesi (22) iqukethe i-inkpot yamasenti ama-2 agcwele uwoyela, kuthi phakathi nendawo ibe nentambo. Isifekethisi se-vietnamese sisebenza ngaphansi kwalesi sibani esikhanyayo eshunqa kakhulu futhi esinukayo. Ngaleso sizathu, kulula ukubona ukuthi asitholi bantu abadala abasebenza njengabafekethisi - njengoba abantu abadala bavame ukuqashwa ukuthi basebenze kweminye imisebenzi yabantu baseVietnam.
Umdwebo.22: I-LAMP (yenziwe nge-ink-imbiza, ngentengo: 2cents)
2.3 Mayelana ne-albhamu "UBUCHWEPHESHE BABANTU BAMA-ANNAMESE (Vietnamese)" (Umdwebo 23)
2.3.1 Umsebenzi wezibalo ophathelene nemidwebo kanye nezindawo ezigcinwe kubekiwe
a. Leli iqoqo lemidwebo emibalo yethu equkethe imidwebo yama-4577 yabantu (1), Abangama-2529 phakathi kwabo basebenzelana nendoda nokwakheka komhlaba, futhi bayi-1049 phakathi kwale midwebo engama-2529 ibonisa ubuso besifazane; imidwebo eseleyo engama-2048, ikhiqiza amathuluzi nemishini yokukhiqiza.
b. Isethi egcinwe eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseHanoi iqukethe imiqulu engu-7 engaboshiwe ngokulinganayo futhi enenombolo yekhodi u-HG18 - phambilini lesi sethi sasigcinwa ngaphansi kwenombolo yekhodi G5 ye-Hanoi Central Library - Lo mtapo wezincwadi wawufakwe i-microfilmed ngo-Ephreli 1979, ngaphansi kwe inombolo yekhodi SN / 805 enobude obungamamitha angama-40 amasentimitha angama-70.
Umdwebo.23: I-TECHNIQUE YEN ANNAMESE (Vietnamese) People by HENRI OGER
- I-Encyclopaedia yazo zonke izinsimbi, izitsha, nezenzo zomzimba empilweni nakwizandla zabantu baseTonkinese Annamese
Esinye isethi sigcinwa njengezinqolobane eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Jikelele weSayensi waseHo Chi Minh - umtapo wolwazi ekuqaleni owawuyingxenye yomtapo wolwazi weHhovisi Lomhlali Ophakeme waseFrance - ngaphansi kwekhodi engu-10511 - leli sethi lalifakwe imicrofil okwesibili ngo-1975, futhi yahlanganiswa yaba imiqulu emibili.
Ekuqaleni, le sethi efanayo eyayiqukethe ngaleso sikhathi imiqulu eyi-10, yayifakwe microfilmed yi-Archaeology Institute ngaphansi kwenombolo yekhodi ethi VAPNHY ngoMeyi 24, 1962 (2) e-Alpha Film Enterprise eSaigon yangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, le microfilm ayinalo ikhasi 94 futhi inekhasi 95 kabili (ngenxa yesiphene sobuchwepheshe).
c. Kukhona nevolumu engathandeki yamakhasi ayi-120 ahlanganiswe phansi, agcinwe ngaphansi kwenombolo yekhodi ye-HE 18a, efakwe i-microfilmed ngaphansi kwenombolo yekhodi SN / 495 ngobude obungu-5m5, futhi lokho kufaka uphawu lwe-Indochina Central Library lapho umuntu angakwazi khona bheka inombolo 17924.
- Lesi isethi esigcinwa njengezinqolobane eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseHanoi. Okufanele ukunakwe ukuthi ekhoneni elingakwesokudla lekhasi lokuqala, kuveza ukuzinikezela kombhalo wesandla sikaH. Oger, enikezela le ncwadi kuMbusi Jikelele u-Albert Sarraut ofundeka kanjena:
“Nginikeze ngenhlonipho kuMbusi Jikelele Wenhlangano u-Albert Sarraut ukuthi akhokhe isikweletu sami sokubonga ngokunginaka kukaMhlonishwa wakho ngemisebenzi yami yocwaningo. (3). IDolobha laseVinh, Mashi…, 1912. UHenri Oger ”
d. Asitholanga thuba lokuthola ngalokhu ngeminye imithombo, ikakhulukazi eParis, kodwa, enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, uSolwazi uPierre Huard (4) ube nokuqinisekiswa kanjena:
"Lo msebenzi owashicilelwa eVietnam wawungazange ulandele noma yiziphi izinqubo zokufakwa kwelungelo lobunikazi, ngakho-ke, akukho ngisho nekhophi elilodwa elabekwa eNational Library eParis. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuqonda okunomusa kweziphathimandla zaseVietnam (zangaphambili zeSaigon), ngithole ikhophi ekopishwe kwikhophi enkulu ngaphansi kwekhodi inombolo 10511 yeLabhulali yeHhovisi Labahlali baseCochinchinese Resident Superior's.
I- “École Française d'Extrême-Orient” nayo inekhophi ebonga ngosizo lwe-Photographies Service- Central Department of Documents ephathelene neNational Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) ”
Umsebenzi ka-H.Oger ubhalwe ngokhuni futhi uthatha ukwakheka kokhuni oluncane oluthi kamuva luprintwe ephepheni elikhulu lelayisi (65x42cm); amakhasi alo angama-700 ahlelwe ngendlela engahlelekile nengahlelekile, ikhasi ngalinye liqukethe imidwebo engaba ngu-6, eminye yayo inezinombolo ezinamanani amaRoma, ephelezelwa izinganekwane ezinhlamvu zesiShayina, kodwa zonke zihlelwe ngendlela engahlelekile. Inani lamakhophi ashicilelwe lilinganiselwe ngokweqile: amasethi ayi-15 kuphela nevolumu eyodwa eyinqaba. Isethi ngayinye iboshwe ngama-fascicles ayi-7, 8, noma ayi-10. Okwamanje, kunamasethi amabili kuphela nevolumu eyodwa eyinqaba eVietnam (5).
2.3.2 Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezifundo (NgokukaH .Oger)
a. Kule albhamu, uHenri Oger wayehlukanise lezi zifundo waba ngamaqembu amane ayinhloko wezifundo: ezokuqala ezintathu yizimboni ezintathu (impilo yenyama), futhi okokugcina impilo yangasese neyomphakathi (impilo yokomoya).
1. Imboni yokudweba izinto ezivela emvelweni.
2. Imboni esebenza ngezinto zokwakha ezivela emvelweni.
3. Imboni eyenza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe.
4. Impilo ejwayelekile neyangasese.
d. Mayelana nempahla yokudweba imboni evela emvelweni, u-Oger wayethole futhi waqoqa imidwebo engama-261 (6) futhi waqhubeka nokuwahlukanisa abe ngamaqembu amancane ama-5, lapho ezolimo zinesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke, bese kuba nezinye izizinda ezinjengokuhamba, ukuvuna nokukha, ukuzingela (24), ukubamba izinhlanzi.
I-Fig.24
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(1) Siwaqedile amakhophi aphindaphindwayo kanye nalawo abonisa amathuluzi amancane kakhulu angenakukhonjwa ngokucacile.
(2) a. Sifunde ukuthi uMnu Phan Huy Thúy, umcwaningi wamasiko futhi owayeyinhloko-sikhungo e-Archaeological Institute, ubesenake leyo midwebo futhi ethumele iMicrofilm eMelika. (cishe ngo-1972) ukuthi ithuthukiswe ibe amanye amakhophi amaningana. Kepha, njengoba izindleko zaziphezulu kakhulu, inhloso yakhe yokuthumela amakhophi anjalo kuzo zonke izikole zobungcweti nezikole zobuciko ayizange yenzeke. Kamuva, iVạn Hạnh University yayisebenzise le microfilm eshiwo ukukhula yaba izithombe ezincane ezizothunyelwa kochwepheshe abangaphakathi nezwe. Umcwaningi Nguyễn Đôn wayekade exhumane nale microfilm kusenesikhathi.
b. EParis, abacwaningi abaziwayo abanjengoMessrs. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Nguyễn Trần Huân, noPierre Huard kungenzeka babenayo le microfilm eshiwo ngaphambili.
(3) I-Monsieur le Gouverneur Général Sarraut in hommage respectueux pour the bienveillant intérêt qu'il veut bien apporter to the mes études.Vinh le… Mars 1912. UHenri Oger.
(4) U-PIERRE HUARD: Isazi sase-French Orientalist, umlobi osebenzisana no-Orientalist uMaurice Durand womsebenzi owaziwayo esihloko sithi "Funda ngeVietnam (Connaissance du Vietnam)", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1954 eHanoi. PIERRE HUARD - Le pionnier de la technologie vietnamienne (Iphayona kubuchwepheshe be-vietnamese) - UHenri Oger - BEFEO - TL VII 1970, amakhasi 215,217.
(5) Sithintene nalawa masethi amabili emitapo yolwazi emibili emikhulu: I-Hanoi National Library (ngo-1985) kanye nomtapo wezincwadi weSaigon (ngo-1962). Lokhu kusethwa kokugcina kugcinwa njengezindawo zokugcina umlando kwiGeneral Science Science Library edolobheni laseHo Chi Minh (Sesikubonile futhi ngonyaka we-1984).
(6) Lezi zinombolo zitholwe ngezibalo zethu.
BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊ UBUCHwephesha BABANTU BANGENAMANGAMI - Ingxenye 1: Latholwa kanjani futhi laqanjwa kanjani leli qoqo lemibhalo?
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019