COCHINCHINA
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UMARCEL BERNANOISE1
Indochina yaseFrance noma i-Indochinese Union iqukethe amazwe amahlanu: Tonkin, Annam [Nam], I-Cochinchina, Cambodia, Futhi Laos.
I-Cochinchina, ikoloni laseFrance - ngenkathi amanye amazwe e-Union engabavikeli- akha indawo eseningizimu ye-Extreme Asia, ehlanganisa amakhilomitha angama-56,9652 kwe-720,000 km2 yendawo yonke yase-Indochina, enezakhamizi ezingama-3,800,000, ezigidini eziyi-19 zabantu bayo.
I-Cochinchina, eboshwe enyakatho yiCambodia ne-Annam, nasempumalanga nasentshonalanga ngasolwandle, yakhiwa yisisekelo sendawo esezansi neningizimu Mekong UMfula, ithafa elikhulu elinamanzi amaningi alawulwa ngakolunye uhlangothi ezansi komfula wokugcina weCambodia Ha Tien [Ha Tien] Igquma (UNui Sam, 215m) kanye nesiqhingi sase Phu Quoc [Phu Quoc], futhi ngakwenye ithiphu eliseningizimu liketanga le-Annamite eliphela lapho UNui Ba Den [UNúi Bà Đen], noma Tay Ninh [UTây Ninh] Intaba (966m), kuya eNtabeni ye Ba Ria [I-Bà Rịa] (850m) naseziqhingini zeCape St. Jacques.
The Mekong [UMê Kông] (4,200 km) ayivinjelwe kepha igeleza ngokukhululeka, ingalo yangempela yolwandle, evundiswa ngokuqubuka njalo kwesilika ezweni elinezikhukhula unyaka nonyaka, ngenkathi yandisa ubumnandi bayo ngokungenamkhawulo emazweni abanjwe kuwo amaza alo njengoba ulwandle luyisa olwandle .
Isici esiyinhloko sesimo sezulu ukuthi singaphansi kwephethini le-monsoon, elinquma izinkathi ezimbili ezicacile kakhulu: inkathi yemvula kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuLwezi kanye nenkathi eyomile kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi. Ngaphandle kwalezi zimo zemvelo ezinkulu, isimo sezulu siyefana: izinga lokushisa lisukela ku-25 liye ku-30 lisuka komunye umkhawulo unyaka liye kolandelayo.
Indawo okuyo I-Cochinchina - impambana mgwaqo yemigwaqo eminingi eholela ekubuyisaneni kwabantu abahlukahlukene - ukuhlasela kwayo kwangaphambilini okuvela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi nemisebenzi elandelanayo - chaza ukuzalisana kwezinhlanga nezinhlobonhlobo zabantu bazo.
Nokho, i I-Annamite kusewumjaho obaluleke kakhulu (87,5%) (...). Kwathi lapho, phakathi nemizabalazo yangaphakathi, iFrance yavela, in 1788, ukumisa Nguyen [Nguyen] ubukhosi no-Emperor UGia Long [UGia Long]. Ukuze aziphindisele ngokubulawa kwezithunywa zevangeli ezimbili zaseSpain, nokuncipha Thu Duc [Thu Duc], umkhumbi ohlanganisiwe waseFranco-Spanish kwadingeka ukuthi ubambe iTravel ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuthi uSaigon kolunye (18 February 1859).
Ngemuva kwalokho, iFrance yanamathela ezifundazweni zasempumalanga (UGia Dinh, uBien Hoa, uTho wami, [Gia Định, Biên Hoà, Mỹ Tho] 1862) ezifundazweni zasentshonalanga (UVinh Long, Chau Doc, Ha Tien, [Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên] 1863).
Inhlangano Yokuphatha
Ababusi bokuqala baseCochin-China babeyizikhulu ezazibeka izisekelo zohlelo lokuphatha, ngaphansi kokwethenjwa kwabahloli bezindaba zabomdabu, abaphathi bendabuko abanesikhundla nobuphathi babo: phu [phủ], mxolisi [huyện], Induna nePhini Inhloko yeCanton, nezinothi zasemzaneni. In 1879 ababusi bomphakathi bathathe indawo yalaba ababusi, okokuqala ngaphansi kwesihloko sombusi wamanga, base bebizwa ngumbusi waseCochin-China.
Lo mbusi ubekwe ngaphansi kwegunya eliphakeme likaMbusi - uGeneral of Indochina, omele iFrance Republic.
Uhulumeni ka I-Cochinchina, kanye neminyango yezinsizakalo ezinkulu zomphakathi, ikulo Saigon [Sài Gòn], inhloko-dolobha ye I-Cochinchina. Amadolobhana, okuyisisekelo senhlangano yezokuphatha, aqondiswa izazisi eziphatha isabelozimali sikamasipala.
Amadolobhana aqoqwe emgodleni aphethwe yiNkosi kanye nePhini leNhloko Canton. Ama-cantons ahlelwe ukuthi akhe isifundazwe, enhloko yezokuphatha, induna yesifundazwe kanye nommeli wombusi I-Cochinchina. Amanye ama-canton abalulekile ahlelwe aba izifunda zokuphatha ezenziwa yizo UDok Phu [Đốc Phủ], UQuan Phu [Quận Phủ], UQuan Huyen [U-Quận Huyện], noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni zaseFrance. Izifunda zokuphatha zinamathele esifundazweni. Izinsizakalo zomphakathi zimelelwa ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene: okuthunyelwe, imisebenzi yomphakathi, amasiko, imisebenzi yehlathi, imfundo, usizo lwezokwelapha kanye noMcebo.
Umnotho weCochinchina
Ngokolwazi olunikezwe yizibalo, inombolo eyodwa yanele ukuthola amandla ezomnotho nezezimali I-Cochinchina maqondana nokwakwamanye amazwe eNyunyana: I-Cochinchina imele ama-75% ephelele Isi-Indochinese ukuhweba okukhethekile.
Ukuceba kwe I-Cochinchina kungenxa yenhlabathi, okulula ukusebenza kuyo, ngokuzala okukhangayo kanye nesivuno esikhulu, yize kuvuma isivuno esisodwa sonyaka (kanti iTonkin neNorthern Annam zinezilimo ezimbili ngonyaka).
Ukutshalwa kwelayisi kunqoba bonke abanye: izifundazwe eziyishumi nanhlanu kwezingamashumi amabili nambili azinazo ezinye izinsiza. (AbakwaCochinchina bahlinzeka nge-8/10 ukuthunyelwa kwelayisi kusuka eFrance Indochina, okulingana namathani amabili ezigidi).
Ezinye izilimo kulezi zindawo eziphansi yilezo zommbila, umoba, amazambane, umoba, umquba, ukhukhunathi (kukhiqiza uwoyela kakhukhunathi), izilimo zakhe eziholayo ziyanda minyaka yonke ezifundazweni zase Gia Dinh [Gia Định] futhi I-Tho yami [UMỹ Tho]. Izifundazwe ezisempumalanga, eziphakeme futhi zinamahlathi, zinamazwe abomvu noma ampunga ziyathandeka kulinywe i-hevea, isihlahla senjoloba esikhiqizwayo sidlula amathani ayi-3,000 ngonyaka.
Kulezi zindawo eziphakemeyo, eduze kwamahlathi aluhlaza (bamboos eThu Dau Mot [Thủ Đầu Một] noTay Ninh [Tây Ninh], kanye nehlathi elikhulu eBien Hoa [Biên Hoà]), kunezitshalo ezithokozisayo ezifana nomuthi wekhofi nomuthi we-lacquer.
Abalimi abahle, abakhuthele, abanesineke futhi abakhuthele, ama-Annamites ngokuvamile enza umsebenzi wokutshala umhlaba ngokwesiko lezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kuyi-buffalo, ebukeka kahle futhi kulo lonke izwe, isilwane esilima insimu yelayisi.
Kepha abaphathi baseFrance bebefuna ukwenza abomdabu bazuze ezindleleni ezinengqondo nezanamuhla zokucwaninga kwesayensi ngokwakha izikole zezolimo, ilabhorethri yokukhetha irayisi eSaigon, amasimu wokuhlola nezingadi zembewu (UCan Tho [Cần Thơ], uSocr Trang [Sóc Trăng], no-Ong Yem).
Ukutshala kusabalala usuku nosuku: kusetshenziswa ogandaganda ukulima, kanye nokomisa.
Umkhakha oyinhloko we I-Cochinchina yisigayo selayisi esisebenzisa imishini yokususa okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu ukuthola irayisi. Amamilimitha amakhulu erayisi asebenza ku- I-Cho Lon [Chợ Lớn], idolobha laseChina eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-6 Saigon [Sài Gòn]. Kepha kulezi zinsuku ezinye izinsimbi zerayisi, ezithile zibalulekile, sezisungulwe ndawo zonke I-Cochinchina.
Eminye imikhakha ifaka irabha ekhiqizwayo evela kumamilimitha kawoyela we-Copra, izinsimbi zikashukela, izigayo zezitini, amapulangwe, udayi, kanye nemisonto yokuluka. Umgwaqo oncomekayo nenethiwekhi yomfula uyasebenza I-Cochinchina ezifundazweni zalo ezikude kakhulu.
Imigwaqo embozwe yizimoto ezingenakubalwa, izinqola zenkabi, izimoto ezidonswa ngamahhashi, izimoto ezinamasondo amabili, ama-push-donts, ukuqhubeka kwabahamba ngezinyawo, imithwalo evame ukuthwala imigwaqo, kuchazwa njengemigwaqo yamakoloni, imigwaqo yesifundazwe kanye nemigwaqo yomphakathi. Imigwaqo yobukoloni yokuthakazelisa ibaluleke kakhulu: N.1 noma Umgwaqo waseMandarin kusukela emngceleni weSiam kuya ku UNam Quan [UNam Quan] Umngcele weSango (Battambang ke Dong Dang [Đồng Đăng]); umgwaqo uN. 15 usuka eSaigon uye eCape St. Jacques; umgwaqo uN. 16, kusuka Saigon [Sài Gòn] ukuze Ca Mau [Cà Mau].
BAN TU THU
12 / 2019
QAPHELA:
1: UMarcel Georges Bernanoise (1884-1952) - Umdwebi, wazalelwa eValenciennes - isifunda esisenyakatho neFrance. Isifinyezo sempilo nomsebenzi:
+ I-1905-1920: Ukusebenza e-Indochina futhi ophethe ukuthunyelwa ku-Governor wase-Indochina;
+ 1910: Uthisha eFar East School of France;
+ I-1913: Kutadisha ubuciko bendabuko kanye nokushicilela izindatshana ezinobuchwepheshe;
+ 1920: Wabuyela eFrance futhi wahlela imibukiso yobuciko eNancy (1928), eParis (1929) - imidwebo yezwe mayelana neLorraine, iPyrenees, iParis, iMidi, iVillefranche-sur-mer, iSaint-Tropez, iYtalia, kanye nezinye izikhumbuzo kusuka eMpumalanga Ekude;
+ 1922: Kushicilelwa izincwadi zobuciko obuhlobisa eTonkin, e-Indochina;
+ 1925: Wine umklomelo omkhulu eMbukisweni WamaKoloni eMarseille, futhi wabambisana nomakhi wePavillon de l'Indochine ukudala isethi yezinto zangaphakathi;
+ I-1952: Ishona eneminyaka engu-68 futhi ishiya inqwaba yemidwebo nezithombe;
+ I-2017: Indawo yakhe yokusebenzela umdwebo yethulwe ngempumelelo yinzalo yakhe.
Umthombo: LA COCHINCHINE - Marcel Bernanoise - Hong Duc [I-HĐứng Đức] Abashicileli, uHanoi, 2018.
Amagama esiVietnam agqamile futhi omalukeke afakwe ngaphakathi kwamamaki wesilinganiso - asethelwe nguBan Tu Thu.
BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Ingxenye 1
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Ingxenye 2
◊ SAIGON - La Cochinchine
◊ BIEN HOA - La Cochinchine
◊ I-THU DAU MOT - La Cochinchine