I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 1

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Nguyễn Khắc-Kham^*

    I-Chữ Nôm (I-Chữ 'script,' ne-nôm / nam 'eningizimu, i-Vietnamese') yigama elinikezwe umVietnam kwenye yezinhlelo zabo ezimbili zokubhala ezidalwe ukuguqulwa kwezinhlamvu zamaShayina. Yabizwa kanjalo, njengoba kuphikiswa bobabili kuChữ Tuben noma kumbhalo waseHan Chinese¹ nakuChữ Nho noma umbhalo wezazi zaseCietnamese zezazi zezomnotho. Ekuxhumaniseni kokugcina, kusho i okweqile or umbhalo onamanyala in i-Vietnam yendabuko.²

Ukuzalwa kombhalo kaNom^**

   Usuku lokusungulwa kwalo alukaqalwa kuze kube manje. Ngokuvumelana ne Ngô Thì Nhậm 時 任 (1726-1780)Ulimi lwethu lweSizwe lusetshenziswe kakhulu kusuka kuThuên. "³ Thuyên kwaba Nguyễn Thuyên 阮 詮, isazi esasiphila ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nantathu leminyaka, ngaphansi kwe Trần ubukhosi. “Uthole iziqu zobudokotela ngaphansi kokubusa kweNgonyama Trần Thái Tôn 太 宗 (1225-1257). Ekwindla ka-1282, ngesikhathi ebambe isikhundla sikaNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, wathunyelwa yi-Emperor Trần Nhân Tôn 仁 宗 ukubhala umyalezo ku-ngwenya eyayifikile eMfuleni obomvu. Ngemuva kokubhala kwakhe ukuxosha lesi silwane, umbusi wamvumela ukuthi ashintshe igama lomndeni wakhe Nguyễn 阮 kuya Weld 韓, ngoba isigameko esifanayo sasike senzeka e-China kusoya-mbongi UHan Yu 韓 愈 (768-824). I-anecdote yayihlobene Khâm định việtsử I-Thông-giám Cươngi muc 欽 定 越 史 通 鑑 綱 目, b. 7 ikhasi 26a⁴ ngalokho, Hàn Thuyên wayenekhono ekubhaleni Shih fu, futhi abantu abaningi bamlandela.⁵

    Ngokwamaqiniso, Hàn Thuyên kwathiwa ngumsunguli we I-Chữ Nôm. Lowo bekungumbono we P. UPelliot⁶ futhi H. UMaspero. Ekugcineni laba bahlanganyele P. UPelliotUkubukwa, kubalulwe netshe elitholwe ku- Hộ Thành sơn, UNinh Bình isifundazwe, North Vietnam.⁷ Lesi sithombe sasiqukethe umbhalo owabhalwa ngonyaka we-1343 kanti kuwo wawungafundwa amagama angamashumi amabili amadolobhana aseVietnam nama-hamlet ngaphakathi I-Chữ Nôm.

    I-hypothesis engenhla ayemukelwa ngaphandle kokubhukelwa ezinye izazi. Nguyễnge Tố kucatshangelwe lokho Chữ nôm kungenzeka ukuthi lalikhona ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili lapho isihloko se Bố Cayi Ðạngi Vương 蓋 大 王 (Ubaba nonina wabantu) wanikezwa owangena esikhundleni sakhe kanye nezikhonzi zakhe ukuze UPhùng Hưng, owathi, ngonyaka ka-791, wagumbuqela umbusi waseChina ngaleso sikhathi wambamba Ukuvikelwa kwe-Annam.⁸ Lowo futhi bekungumbono we DươNg Quang Ham in yakhe Umlando omfushane wezincwadi zaseVietnam.⁹

    I-hypothesis yesithathu yathuthukiswa ngo-1932 ngesinye isazi saseVietnam, Sở Cuồng, owayezama ukufakazela lokho I-Chữ Nôm bathandwe emuva kusuka Shih-Hsieh 士 燮 (187-226 AD.). Ukuphikisana kwakhe kuncike kakhulu kusitatimende esenziwa yisazi saseVietnam sokukhuluma ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Emperor Tự-Ðức, aziwa ngaphansi kwegama NguyễnakwaSan 阮 文 珊 kanye ne-pseudonym ye I-văn-Ða cư-Sĩ 文 多 居 士. Encwadini yakhe enesihloko esithi Ðại-Nam Quốc-ngu 大 南 國 語, lesi sazi sathi UShih Wang , ubengowokuqala ukuzama ukuhumushela amaChinese Classics esiVietnamese ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu zamaShayina njengezimpawu zamafoni ukubhala amagama endabuko aseVietnam. Phakathi kobunzima okusolwa ukuthi wabhekana nabo Shih Hsieh emizamweni yakhe, wacaphuna izibonelo ezimbili: suyi 雎 鳩, (i-osprey) futhi yang táo 羊 桃, (i-tha carambola noma i-willow peach), ayengazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwenyoni nokuthi luhlobo luni lwezithelo olungase luhambisane neVietnam. SO Cuồng ubhalise ku- I-văn-Ða cư-sĩ's umbono, yize ezisola ukuthi lo mbhali akazange anikeze zireferensi esitatimendeni sakhe. Esekela lokho, wabeka phambili izimpikiswano ezilandelayo:

1) Ngesikhathi se- Shih Hsieh, lapho umVietnam wokuqala enza izifundo zesiShayina, babengaqonda kuphela ngolimi lwaseVietnam futhi othisha babo beChineses kumele ukuthi basebenzise izinhlamvu zesiShayina ezinemisindo efana namagama esiVietnam ukufundisa isiVietnam ukuthi zingafundwa kanjani ezinye izinhlamvu zesiShayina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba imisindo nezimpawu zamaShayina kungakwazi ukubhala wonke amagama abomdabu baseVietnam, abafundi baseVietnam ngaleso sikhathi kumele ukuthi bazamile ukugcwalisa izikhala ngokuhlanganisa ndawonye izakhi ezahlukahlukene zabalingiswa baseChinese ukwakha izinhlamvu ezintsha ngesisekelo sale migomo zokubhala Chinese njengoba Hsiai shêng, hhhhhhhhh, Futhi hayi-i. Kungale ndlela I-Chữ Nôm kungenzeka ukuthi waklanywa.

2) I-Furthemore, Shih Hsieh wayengowokuzalwa e I-Kuang-Hsin 廣 信, lapho, ngokusho kwe- U-Ling wai tai ta 外 代 答, by Chu ch'u Fei 外 代 答, ngaphansi kwe Sung , kwakukhona kusukela ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu, umbhalo wasendaweni ofana kakhulu nowaseVietnam chữ Nôm. Ngezimo, ([1] = encanefuthi ([2] = Uthule).

[okubili]:      [okubili]: 

3) AmaVietnam amabili 布 Bố, baba futhi 蓋 Cái, Umama njengoba etholakala kusihloko se-posthumous Bố-Cayi Ðại-iVương kunikezwe I-Phùng-Hưng ngokomlando kwakuwubufakazi bokuqala bokusebenzisa chữ Nôm ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili. Kamuva, ngaphansi kwe Ðinh, Ðạmina Cồ Việt, igama elisemthethweni leVietnam ngaleso sikhathi lalifaka nomlingiswa we-nôm 瞿 Cồ. Ngaphansi kwe Trần kwakukhona ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kakhulu kwe I-Chữ Nôm njengoba kufakazelwa wumkhuba kaNgqongqoshe Wezinkantolo obizelwe ngaleso sikhathi Hành Khiển , owayevame ukucaphuna izinqumo zasebukhosini neChữ nôm ukuze aqondwe kangcono ngabantu.¹⁰

    Yonke imibono njengoba isanda kuvezwa ngenhla inamaphuzu athile amahle. Kodwa-ke, noma ngubani unegunya ngokwanele ukuba lamukelwe njengokuphela ngosuku lokusungulwa kweChữ nôm.

    Empeleni, I-Chữ Nôm, kude nokuqanjwa ngumuntu kwesinye isikhathi emlandweni waseVietnam, kufanele kubhekwe njengomkhiqizo wamakhulu amaningi eminyaka wokuphawuleka kweziguli nokubonakalayo. Lesi isiphetho esinengqondo kakhulu esifinyeleleka kakhulu izazi ezisanda kwenziwa ngocwaningo I-Chữ Nôm.

   Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambilini, I-Chữ Nôm kuhlanganisa nokuvumelanisa nokuguquguquka kwezinhlamvu zesi-Vietnamese zabomdabu baseChinese. Ngakho-ke, ukusungulwa kwayo kungabonakala kuphela esiteji lapho ulwazi lwabalingiswa baseChinese lwalusakazekele ngokwanele eVietnam.

    Umuntu wokuqala waseVietnam owayala ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu zamaShayina ayengabafundi abanesono abambalwa. Kwakunjalo nange I-Lý-Tiến 李 進, Lý C.ầm 李 琴, TrươNg TrOng 張 重 (ngekhulu lesibili AD). Kamuva, abanye balaba bahlakaniphile beza bezokwenza izinkondlo nezinkondlo zamaProsa ngesiShayina ngemuva kwamamodeli amaChinese. Kwakunjalo nange I-Phùng Ðái Tri 戴 知 ogama lakhe lenkondlo lidalulwe yinkosi yase China UKao Tsu of T'ang (618-626), KhươngCông Phu 公 輔 inkondlo ye-prosa-isengatholakala ngaye kuma-anthologies aseChina.¹¹

    Ngesikhathi kusuka ku han kuya T'ang abanye I-Chữ Nôm amaphethini kungenzeka aqanjwa ukumela amanye amagama endabuko ikakhulukazi amagama wezindawo, abantu nezihloko ezisemthethweni eVietnam. Kusele izinsalela ezimbalwa kuphela zale mizamo esesikhona.

    Kunjalo 布 Bố futhi 蓋 Cái ibhalwe ngezinhlamvu ezimbili zamaShayina ezinokufundwa kwesiVietnam ezifanayo nemisindo yamagama endabuko aseVietnam ahambisanayo.

   Ukusukela ngekhulu leshumi leminyaka kuya kwele-XNUMX, yize amaVietnam ayesebuyisele inkululeko yawo kuzwelonke eChina, imibhalo yamaShayina yayihlale inelungelo elikhethekile eliqiniswa uhlelo lokuhlolwa kwezemisebenzi yomphakathi olwaluqanjwa ngemuva kohlelo lwaseChina.¹² Ngaleso sizathu, izifundiswa zaseVietnam zaqhubeka nokuveza imicabango nemizwa yazo ngezinhlamvu zaseChina. Hhayi izinkondlo kuphela, ama-prosapoetry kanye namarekhodi omlando kepha nemiyalo yasebukhosini, izikhumbuzo zamaKhosi, imithetho, kanye nemithethonqubo njll. Zabhalwa ngezinhlamvu zama-Chinese. Kodwa-ke, yonke le mibhalo yaseVietnam embhalweni waseShayina kungenzeka ukuthi ayifani neyezifundiswa zokuqala zaseVietnam ezibalulwe ngenhla. Leli fomu kwakungelesiShayina kodwa umuthi wawuyiVietnam. Ngenye indlela, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemibhalo yamaShayina lapho ababhali baseVietnam bazama khona izandla zabo kwakungukutholwa okucacile kwemibhalo ezayo yaseVietnam Chu INôm. Kuze kufike ku Isikripthi se-Nôm ikhathazekile ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwalokhu okubili INôm izinhlamvu 蓋 Bố futhi 蓋 Cái ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili nelika- INôm uhlamvu Cồ ngekhulu leshumi kuyizinkomba eziqondile ukuthi amanye amaphethini we Chu INôm aqanjwa yiVietnamese kwakamuva ukusuka ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili kuya kweleleshumi.

   Ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu ezinjalo ze-nôm njenge Bố, Cái, Cồ, abanye kungenzeka ukuthi badalwe cishe ngasikhathi sinye bobabili ngocingo kanye nokusetshenziswa okungajwayelekile kwezinhlamvu zamaShayina. Isibonelo, amagama abomdabu baseVietnam một (one), Futhi ta (Mina, thina) zibhalwe ngokulandelana izinhlamvu zamaShayina nangokufunda kwazo ifonetiki. Amagama abomdabu baseVietnam, qa, cấy, ruộng, bếp zilotshwe ngokulandelana izinhlamvu zesiShayina 耕, 稼, 田, 灶, kanye nokufunda kwazo okuyisemantic.¹³ Ngokuya kwamanye amaphethini acwebile we Chu INôm njengoba lezo zenziwe ngesisekelo semigomo yokubhala yesiShayina hayi-i futhi hsieh-shêng, kufanele ukuthi zasungulwa kamuva kuphela, mhlawumbe ngemuva kokuba amaSino-Vietnamese esethathe umumo ocacile.¹⁴

    Ukufingqa, I-Chữ Nôm aluzange lusungulwe ubusuku bonke ukuze lubekwe Hàn Thuyên zokubhala izinkondlo kanye nezinkondlo ze-prosa kodwa inqubo yokwakheka kwayo kumele ngabe selule ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka kusukela ekuqaleni kusukela ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokufika ezingeni elithile lokuphothulwa ngaphansi Bare . Kamuva yathuthukiswa ngokulandelana ngabasebenzisi bayo kusuka ku Le, ku- Nguyen ngaphambi kokuthola ukulungiswa okulingana kwezinye izinkondlo ezithandwayo ezinde ezifana UKim Vân Kiều 雲 翹 futhi Lục Vân Tiên 雲 仙 etc ...

… Qhubeka esigabeni 2…

BUKA OKUNINGI:
◊  I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 2.
◊  I-CHỮ NÔM noma iMibhalo yesiVietnam yangaphambili kanye Neminikelo Yayo Yesikhathi Esedlule Kuncwadi Ye-Vietnamese - Isigaba 3.

AMANOTHI:
¹  Việtčn Từ Ðiển Tối Tân 越 漢 辭 典 最 新, UNhà sách Chin Hoa, Saigon 1961, ikhasi 549: Nôm = 喃 字{意 印 < 南 國 的 字 >}. 
²  I-Việt Nam Tự Ðiển. 
³  Ngô Thì Nhậm 時 任, Hải Ðông chí lược " 東 誌 略 ". 
⁴ Nguyễn Ðình Hoà, I-Chữ Nôm, Uhlelo Lokubhalwa KweDemotic eVietnam, I-Journal ye-American Oriental Society. Umqulu 79, inombolo 4, Oct. Dec. 1959. ikhasi 271. 
⁵  阮 詮 海陽 青 林 善 善 [U-Nguyen Thuyen wesifunda saseThanh Lam, esifundazweni i-Hai Duong, wayenezinkondlo kahle, abantu abaningi belingisa futhi kamuva babhala inkondlo kazwelonke.] ( 欽 定 越 史 通鑑 綱目). 
⁶  P. Pelliot,Imithombo yolwazi ye-Première étude sur les Annamites de l'histoire d'Annam. ” I-BEFO t. IV, ikhasi 621, inothi. 
⁷  H. Maspero,Ibandakanya i-la laononcique mlando de la langue Annamite. Les initiales”BEFO, t. I-XII, akukho 1, ikhasi 7, inothi 1. 
⁸  Nguyễn Văn Tố “Phan Kế Bính Việt Hán Văn Khảo, Etuding sur la littérature Sino-Annamite 2 ukuhlela. "(IHanoi, Editions du Trung-Bắc Tân Văn, 1930 ngo 8, 175 k.) I-BEFO, t. XXX, 1930, No. 1-2 Janvier-Juin, iphe 141-146. 
⁹  UDương Quảng Hàm, I-Việt Nam Văn-Học Sử-Yếu, ngo-lần thứ bảy, Bộ Quốc Gia Giáo Dục, Saigon 1960 ikhasi 101. 
¹⁰  Sở Cuồng,I-Chữ nôm với chữ Quốc Ngữ. ” Nam Phong, No 172, Mai 1932, amakhasi 495-498. 
¹¹  Nguyễn Ðổng Chi, I-Việt Nam Cổ Văn Học Sử, Hàn Thuyên, Hanoi, 1942, iphe. 87-91. 
¹²  Iseshini yokuqala yokuhlolwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi eVietnam yango-1075 ngaphansi kukaLý Nhân Tôn (1072-1127). Bona uTrần Trọng Kim, I-Việt Nam Sử Lược, ngo-lần thứ Nhất Trung Bắc Tân Văn, Hanoi 1920, ikhasi 81. 
¹³  Nguyễn Quang Xỹ, Vũ Văn Kính, I-Tự-Ðiển Chữ Nôm, UTrung Tâm Học Liệu, uSaigon 1971. 
¹⁴  H. Maspero,I-dialecte de Tch'ang Ngan", BEFO, 1920. UMayiniya Toru, 三 根 谷 徹, 越南 漢字 音 の 研究 [Nghiên cứu âm đọc chữ Tuben ở Việt Nam], 東洋 文庫, 昭和 47 年 3 Inyanga 25Izinsuku.

AMANOTHI:
* Nguyễn Khắc Kham (23/12/1910, eHanoi - ), amagama abhalwe phansi uLãng Xuyên noLãng Hồ, uSolwazi Emeritus, ophethe ilayisense ès-Lettres (ISorbonne, eFrance, ngo-1934) kanye nelayisense en Droit (Ubuhlakani Bomthetho, eParis, 1934), efundiswe eGia-Long, Thăng-Long, Văn-Lang, Hoài-Ðức (Izikole Zamabanga aphezulu ezizimele), noChu Văn-An (isikole samabanga aphezulu somphakathiku Hanoi (1937-1946), ofundiswe e-University of Hanoi, i-Faculty of Letters (1952-1954), noPétrus Ký noChu Văn-An (izikole eziphakeme zomphakathi) eSaigon, uprofesa e-University of Saigon, i-Faculty of Letters kanye ne-Faculty of Pedagogy (1954-1967), ubehambele uprofesa eTokyo University of Foreign Studies (1967-1973), wasebenza njengoMcwaningi Wokuvakasha e-Ostasiatisches Seminar, eFrankfurt (1966-1967), futhi njengoMqondisi obambele weSikhungo Sabacwaningi Bomlando; Umqondisi Wezindaba Zamasiko; Unobhala Jikelele Wekhomishini Kazwelonke YaseVietnam ye-UNESCO; Umqondisi Wezindawo Ezigcina Zikazwelonke Nemitapo Yezincwadi, wanikezwa indondo Yezemfundo Namasiko nguMnyango Wezemfundo waseVietnam, wayeyilungu le-Advisory Board of Southeast Asia, International Quarterly, Southern Illinois University (SIU) eCarbondale (1969-1974), ubesebenza ngokulandelana ocwaningweni e-Center for South and Southeast Asia Study kanye ne-Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of California eBerkeley (1982-1991), ubelungu le-ISA (Izazi Ezizimele zase-Eshiya, inhlangano engenzi inzuzo, engabambeleli kwezentengiselwano, enobungcweti), EBerkeley, eCalifornia e-USA (1982-2000), kanye nelungu leBhodi Labacebisi e-Institute of Vietnamese Study, eGadini Grove, eCalifornia (1982-namuhla).

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03 / 2020