Isandulelo Nr. 1: IVietnam Esikhathini Sasendulo - ISINGENISO

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HUNG NGUYEN MANH1
Udokotela wePhylosophie emlandweni

   Tekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX, isayensi yezimboni kanye nezobuchwepheshe seziqalile ukukhula - ikakhulukazi ukuqhuma emkhakheni wezamasiko nowezokuvakasha kuholele ekudingekeni kokushintshana kwamasiko phakathi kwamasiko ahlukahlukene ngamakhadi eposi.

   In 1882, umuntu usungule ukuthwebula izithombe, kwathi ngo-1886 izinto eziphrintiwe zazishicilelwe ngqo ephepheni ngamasu amasha wokuphrinta. Amakhadi okuposa abephila ngaleso sikhathi ayesenqobe wonke amabanga ezindawo futhi ahlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi nezomhlaba. Kubukeka sengathi wonke amabanga anjalo ancishisiwe ngenxa yezithombe eziphrintwe kumakhadi eposi.

   OAbangasho ukuthi - ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX, amakhadikhadi abelokhu ekhula njengomkhuhlane, kwabaningi Isi-Indochinese amazwe jikelele, naku- Vietnam ngokuqondene.

   Tuvuka ezingalweni ze-DE THAM2 ingahle ibe ngesinye sezihloko ezisetshenzisiwe ekuqaleni Vietnam. Manje sesinalo leli qoqo lamakhadi okuposa endaweni yethu yokugcina. Izikhumbuzo ezakhiwe amaFrance njenge: Ukuxhashazwa kwamalahle ku Hong Gai3, imboni kasimende ku Hai Phong4, insimbi amabhuloho uDoumer5 (I-Long Bien) futhi UTrang Tien (eHue)6, lo Hai Phong futhi Saigon ama-wharves, amasimu ku Izindawo Eziphezulu zaseNtshonalanga7, kanye nezinye izikhumbuzo eziningi ku- Annam8 futhi I-Cochinchina9 (I-Central ne-South Vietnam), naku- Izifundazwe Eziyisithupha10 in I-Cochinchina, njll.... Kakhulukazi izithombe ezibhalayo nezikhombisa i Umgwaqo waseMandarin11 (la umzila mandarine) njalo kwakha isihloko esikhethekile okuheha kakhulu abathwebuli bezithombe.

   Tamakhadi akhe okuposa ashiye izici zamasiko ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge: izigcawu zomgwaqo, izindawo ezisemaphandleni kanye nemizana ese- North, lo Isikhungo futhi South (UTonkin, u-Annam futhi I-Cochinchina), imikhosi, amasayithi ezimakethe nokubukwa kwezakhiwo emadolobheni amakhulu njenge IHanoi, iHaiphong, iHue, iDanang, iSaigon… Kanye nezithombe zamakhosi we Uhlu lwamakhosi akwaNguyen12 njenge: DUY TAN13, THANH THAI14, HAM NGHI15 lokho futhi kungumthombo wokhuthazo kubathwebuli bezithombe abasebenzisa lezo zici ukukhiqiza amakhadikhadi ezithombe athunyelwa emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuphathelene naleli qiniso, abagxeki bethu abasontayo bezinganekwane baye babheka izithombe ezinjengokusetshenziswa ukukhonza ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile, lapho bephawula ngendima yezinhlu zama-French Vietnam.

   Tyena umlando wamakhadikhadi futhi uphawula ukuthi kwaze kwaba seminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-XX lapho amakhadikhadi okuqala, anezithombe ezithathwe futhi zanyatheliswa Vietnamese, bavela okokuqala ku- Vietnam, futhi okujwayelekile kuyisethi yamakhadikhadi angama-20 akhombisa umngcwabo kaPHAN CHAU TRINH16 in Saigon. Kulezi zinsuku amakhadikhadi asendulo asisiza ukuba siqonde futhi sikhumbule umlando wethu ngendlela eyiqiniso, ikakhulukazi umlando wesikhathi samanje.

  ANgokwe- I-Xua & Nay umagazini we Inhlangano Yezazimlando ZaseVietnam17, ngenxa yezimo ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene, ukugcinwa njengezinqolobane ezinhlobonhlobo zamakhadi weposi kungenzeka kungasebenzi kakhulu futhi kube miningi njengaku- France - kepha, zisengatholakala ekuqoqweni kwe- Isikole SaseFrance EsiseMpumalanga18 (Umtapo Wezincwadi waseVietnam Isayensi Yezenhlalo kanye Nesikhungo Sezokwazisa), naku- Inhlangano Ephakathi Yezinqolobane19, futhi njengoba zisengatholakala nakumaqoqo abaqoqi abazimele.

  Cmaqondana nodaba lwami - olomqoqi wangasese - igama lami selishiwo ngu- Umagazini i-Xua & Nay ngokunikela lapha nalaphaya ekuvezweni okuningi kwamakhadi eposi kusuka IHanoi, iHue, iSaigon kuya Izifundazwe eziseningizimu njenge UBen Tre20, Kien Giang21...

  The I-Xua & Nay umagazini futhi ngikhulume neqiniso lokuthi izinkulungwane zamakhadi eposi eqoqweni lami ziye "isitembu esifile”Nolayini bemisho ebhalwe ngabathumeli - lapho beqala khona ukungena Indochina noma babenakho futhi basaphila namanje IVietnam, iLaos futhi Cambodia futhi babethumele amakhadikhadi anjalo kumalungu omndeni wabo e- France, noma kwenye indawo kwamanye amazwe amakoloni aseFrance.

   Tyena “isitembu esifile”Futhi imisho enjalo ebhaliwe ikhuphule inani lamakhadi eposi izikhathi eziningana - ngaphansi kwe-angle ebukeka yabaqoqi abangochwepheshe.

  As kimi, umqoqi wosomathuba - obengangiqoqa noma nini noma kuphi lapho kutholakala lawo makhadi. Ngike, ngesikhathi eside ngihlala ku Saigon. Ngibabazekile kimi isithombe sezwe elikhazimulayo. Kepha, njengamanje, ngisafisa ukuthi i- I-Xua & Nay umagazini izoqhubeka nokungisiza ukuba ngilethe ekwazisweni okuvamile komphakathi okunjalo Imisebenzi yobuciko yaseVietnam.

  Tkulo lonke leli I-Millenium yeThang Long22, umthombo wezincwadi zomlando, ezibhalwe futhi zashiywa ephepheni konke bekukhona Chinese futhi Igama (Izinhlamvu zedemokrasi) futhi usengatholakala emitatsheni eminingi yabaqoqi abazimele. Njengamanje, amakhadi eposi aprintwe ephepheni eliqinile ngokusebenzisa izithombe, ngamagama, imisho kanye nolwazi kuma-backsides abo, nawo akha umthombo wezinto zomlando - yize zisanda kwenzeka futhi zintsha - cishe ngekhulu elilodwa kuphela - kepha futhi banikele kwi izifundo zomlando zaseVietnam isigaba somlando ngokusebenzisa izithombe.

   Tyena - njengoba unjalo - unenani lomlando eliqinisekile, ngaphandle kokukhuhla nokulungisa, ngaphandle kokukopisha, ngaphandle kokuxhunyelelwa nangaphandle kokunamathisela… Abathwebuli bezithombe baseNtshonalanga ukuqaphela nokuthatha izithombe zezifunda ze i-Latin America ezinsukwini zokuqala lapho izizwe ezincane zisahlala lapho - Lapha, izithombe ezithathiwe zikhombisa nempilo yezinhlanga ezincane eziningi ezabelana ngempilo yazo nabantu basemadolobheni kusuka kuminyene Amahlathi e-Indochinese kuya Amadolobha aseVietnam njenge IHanoi, Saigon… imizi eyake yabizwa IParele LaseMpumalanga23 - amagama ake akhazimula kakhulu akhombisa ushintsho olunamandla olubukeka njengokubalekela i- Inkathi Ephakathi ukungena enkathini yomlando yangaleso sikhathi.

IDoumer Bridge - Hanoi - holylandvietnamstudies.com
IHanoi Capital - P. DOUMER Ibhuloho - French Indochina (Umthombo: IVietnam Esikhathini Sasendulo, i-PhD. UHUNG NGUYEN MANH, Xua & Nay Magazine, 2010)

BONA FUTHI:
◊  Isandulelo Nr. 2: UKWETHULWA KOKUQOKELELWA KWAMAKHOSI AMA-INDOCHINESE.

AMANOTHI:
1: Asso. UProfesa HUNG NGUYEN MANH, OwayenguMongameli weHong Bang University International, ungumbhali weVietnam, iHanoi, iSaigon… Amakhadi okuposa, umsunguli wamawebhusayithi - khadangwadia.com, vihibhoho.net, Holylandvietnamstudies.com, ngcongcangine.com, Njll
2:… Iyabuyekeza…

AMANOTHI:
Umthombo: IVietnam Esikhathini Sasendulo, NGUYEN MANH HUNG Udokotela Emlandweni, I-Xua & Nay Magazine, Abashicileli beThoi Dai, Hanoi, 2010.
◊ 
Zonke izingcaphuno, omalukeke, okugqamile, imibhalo yembala nezithombe ezifakiwe ezifakiwe zifakwe yiBan Tu Thu - khadangwadia.com.

BAN TU THU
09 / 2020

(Wavakashela 1,732 izikhathi, 1 ukuvakashelwa namhlanje)